日本史2 Japanese history 2
東アジアと小国
East Asia and Small
Countries
邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamatai
卑弥呼(ひみこ) Himiko
卑弥呼(ひみこ) Himiko
第2章 Chapter 2
古代国家への動き
Movement to the Ancient
Nation
第2節 Section 2
東アジアと小国
East Asia and Small
Countries
1 大陸・朝鮮の情勢
Situation on the
continent and Korea
後漢(ごかん)Later
Han Dynasty
光武帝(こうぶ・てい)Emperor Guangwu 劉秀(りゅう・しゅう)Liu Xiu
高句麗(こうくり) Goguryeo
後漢の建国
Founding of the Later Han
Dynasty
日本列島Japanese
archipelagoに弥生文化Yayoi cultureが発展していたころ、大陸mainlandでは漢(かん)Han Dynastyの力が衰え、代わって後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyが光武帝(こうぶ・てい)Emperor Guangwu(在位25年~57年)によって建てられ洛陽(らくよう)(ルオヤン)Luoyangに都capitalした(後25年25 AD)。
When the Yayoi culture
was developing in the Japanese archipelago, the power of the Han dynasty
declined on the mainland, and the Later Han was built by Emperor Guangwu and
made Luoyang the capital (25 years later).
いっぽう中国東北部northeastern part of Chinaの鴨緑江(おうりょくこう)Yalu River中流域middle basinに前1世紀頃around the
1st century BCから高句麗(こうくり)(コグリョ)Goguryeoが台頭し、後32年32 ADにはじめて後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyに入貢しながらも、朝鮮半島北部the northern part of the Korean Peninsulaにも活発な動きを見せ始めた。
On the other hand, Goguryeo
emerged from around the 1st century BC in the middle basin of the Yalu River in
the northeastern part of China, and while it entered the Later Han dynasty for
the first time in AD 32, it also began to show active movements in the northern
part of the Korean Peninsula.
公孫淵(こうそん・えん)Gongsun Yuan燕王(えんおう)King of Yan
帯方郡の設置と後漢の衰退
Establishment of Daifang
Commandery and
Decline of Later Han
Dynasty
後漢(ごかん)Later
Han Dynastyが2世紀の末the end of the 2nd centuryにしだいに衰えたころ、遼東(りょうとう)(リャオトン)Liaodongの太守(たいしゅ)county executiveであった公孫淵(こうそん・えん)Gongsun Yuan燕王(えんおう)King of Yanは朝鮮Koreaに入って楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang Commanderyを占領し、3世紀初めthe beginning
of the 3rd centuryに楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang Commanderyの南に帯方郡(たいほう・ぐん)Daifang Commandery(中心は現在の京城(けいじょう)Seoul付近)を置いた。
When the Eastern Han
Dynasty gradually declined at the end of the 2nd century, King Gongsun Yuan,
the governor of Liaodong, entered Korea and occupied Lelang County.
At the beginning of the
3rd century, Daifang Commandery (centered around present-day Seoul) was established
to the south of Lelang Commandery.
魏(ぎ)Wei・呉(ご)Wu・蜀(しょく)Shu 三国時代Three Kingdoms period
魏(ぎ)の楽浪郡・帯方郡領有
Wei's ownership of Lelang
Commandery and
Daifang Commandery
その後大陸Continentでは、220年に後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyが滅亡して、魏(ぎ)Wei・呉(ご)Wu・蜀(しょく)Shuの分立した三国時代Three Kingdoms periodにはいったが、魏(ぎ)Weiは北東the northeastにも勢力powerをひろげ、呉(ご)Wuと結ぼうとしていた公孫淵(こうそん・えん)Gongsun Yuan燕王(えんおう)King of Yanを倒し、238年には楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang Commandery・帯方郡(たいほう・ぐん)Daifang Commanderyを配下に収めた。
Later, on the continent,
the Later Han Dynasty fell in 220 AD, and the Three Kingdoms period began, in
which Wei, Wu, and Shu separated. Wei spread its power to the northeast and
defeated King Gongsun Yuan, who was trying to tie up with Wu.
In 238, he brought Lelang
County and Daifang County under his control.
高句麗(こうくり)の楽浪郡併合
Goguryeo's annexation of Lelang
Commandery
しかし、三国Three Kingdomsは北方民族northern
tribesの侵入Invasionを受けて混乱と分裂turmoil and divisionを重ねるようになり、3世紀後半the latter
half of the 3rd centuryになって魏(ぎ)Weiが倒れると、こののち高句麗(こうくり)Goguryeoはしだいに有力となって南下策moved southwardsをとり、313年には楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang Commanderyを併合annexationし、朝鮮半島北部the northern part of the Korean Peninsulaに確固とした勢力をもつにいたった。
However, the three
kingdoms were invaded by northern tribes, causing turmoil and division. After
Wei fell in the latter half of the 3rd century, Goguryeo gradually became
influential and moved southwards. He annexed Rakuro County and came to have a
firm power in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
漢書(かんじょ)Book of Han
弥生時代(やよい・じだい) Yayoi period
2 小国家と中国王朝
Small states and Chinese
dynasties
漢と倭人の小国家
Han and Small nations of Wa
弥生時代(やよい・じだい)Yayoi period中期頃in the middle ofの倭人(わじん)Wajin(中国古代王朝Ancient Chinese dynastyによる日本列島人Japanese archipelago peopleの呼び名)について、『漢書(かんじょ)Book of Han』 地理志(ちりし)Treatise on Geographyには、100余国more than 100
countriesが分立separatedし、楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang Commanderyを通じて毎年漢(かん)Han Dynastyに朝貢(ちょうこう)Tributeしていたと書いてある。
Regarding the Wajin (the
name given to the Japanese archipelago by the ancient Chinese dynasty) in the
middle of the Yayoi period, it is written in the Geography of the "Book of
Han" that more than 100 countries were separated and paid tribute to the Han
every year through Rakurang County.
100余国the more than
100 countriesが、北九州(きたきゅうしゅう)Kitakyushuだけを指すのか、広く西日本(にしにほん)western Japanを指すのか明らかでないが、弥生時代(やよい・じだい)Yayoi periodの中期~後期には、北九州(きたきゅうしゅう)Kitakyushu・吉備(きび)Kibi・大和(やまと)Yamato・丹後(たんご)Tangoなどの地を中心に多数の小国家(しょうこっか)Microstate, small nationsが生まれ始めていた。
It is not clear whether
the more than 100 countries refer only to Kitakyushu or to western Japan
broadly, but in the middle to late Yayoi period, many small nations began to
emerge centering on areas such as Kitakyushu, Kibi, Yamato, and Tango.
漢委奴国王印(かんのわのなのこくおういん)King of Na gold seal
Seal of the King of the Na state of the Wa of the Han Dynasty
志賀島(しかのしま) Shika Island
奴国王と金印King of Na
and Gold Seal
それらのうち、北九州Northern Kyushuの奴国王(なの・こくおう)King of Naの使者messengerは、57年に後漢Later Han Dynastyの洛陽(らくよう)(ルオヤンLuoyang)にいたり、光武帝(こうぶてい)Emperor Guangwuから印綬official
sealを授けられたという(『後漢書(ごかんじょ)Book of the Later Han』東夷伝(とういでん)Treatise on the Dongyi)。
Among them, a messenger
of King Nakoku of Kitakyushu is said to have been to Luoyang of the Later Han
in 1957, and was given a seal by Emperor Guangwu ("Gohansho" Toii
Den.
この時に授けられたと思われる金印(きんいん)gold seal(「漢委奴国王印(かんの・わの・なの・こくおう・いん)King of Na gold seal)が、1784年(天明4年)に博多湾(はかたわん)Hakata Bayの志賀島(しかのしま)Shika Islandで一農民a farmerに発見discoveredされ現存している。
A gold seal that is
thought to have been bestowed at this time (the seal of the King of the Han
Committee) was discovered by a farmer on Shikanoshima Island in Hakata Bay in
1784 and still exists today.
奴国(なこく)Nakoku(なのくに)Na-no-Kuni
補足supplementary
explanation
奴国(なこく)Nakoku(なのくに)Na-no-Kuni
奴国(なこく)Nakoku(なのくに)Na-no-Kuniとは、1世紀 the 1st centuryから3世紀前半the first
half of the 3rd centuryにかけて、あらわれる倭人(わじん)Wajinの国countryである。
Nakoku is a country of
Wajin that appeared from the 1st century to the first half of the 3rd century.
弥生時代(やよいじだい)Yayoi periodにかつて存在した倭人(わじん)Wajinの国countryで、現在の福岡市(ふくおかし)Fukuoka Cityや春日市(かすがし)Kasuga Cityなど福岡平野一帯the Fukuoka Plain areaを支配ruled overしていたとされる。
It is said that it was a
country of Wajin that once existed in the Yayoi period, and ruled over the
Fukuoka Plain area, including present-day Fukuoka City and Kasuga City.
奴国(なこく)Nakoku(なのくに)Na-no-Kuni
倭国(わこく)Wakokuが後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyと外交交渉diplomatic
negotiationsをもったのは、倭奴国王(わの・なの・こくおう)King of Na of Waが後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyの光武帝(こうぶ・てい)Emperor Guangwuに朝貢made a
tributeしたのが始まりである。
Wakoku started diplomatic
negotiations with Later Han when the King of Wa made a tribute to Emperor
Guangwu of Later Han.
議論some
controversyがあるものの倭国王(わの・こくおう)King of Wa帥升(すいしょう)Suishoが朝貢made a
tributeしたとする説があり、その後奴国(なこく)Nakoku(なのくに)Na-no-Kuniに代わって邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiが魏(ぎ)Weiの皇帝emperorに使者を派遣sent a messengerした。
Although there is some
controversy, there is a theory that the king of Wakoku made a tribute, and
after that Yamatai sent a messenger to the emperor of Wei on behalf of Nakoku.
倭国王(わのこくおう)King of Wa帥升(すいしょう)Suisho
帥升(すいしょう)Suisho
帥升(すいしょう)Suisho(生没年不詳)は、弥生時代(やよいじだい)中期・後期in the middle or late Yayoi periodの倭国(わこく)Wakoku(まだ統一国家ではないクニcountryの一つ)の有力な王influential kingと推測される。
Suisho (date of birth and
death unknown) is presumed to have been an influential king of Wakoku (a
country that was not yet unified) in the middle or late Yayoi period.
西暦107年107 ADに後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyに朝貢paid
tributeした。
In 107 AD, he paid
tribute to Later Han.
日本史上in Japanese
history、外国史書foreign history bookに初めて名を残した人物。
He was the first person
in Japanese history to leave his name in a foreign history book.
安帝(あんてい) Emperor An
後漢(ごかん)Later
Han Dynastyの第6代皇帝the sixth
emperor
倭国王帥升King of Wa, Suisho
107年には倭国王(わのこくおう)King of Wa帥升(すいしょう)Suishoらが生口(せいこう)Seiko(奴隷slaves)160人を献じて、安帝(あんてい)Emperor An(後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynastyの第6代皇帝the sixth
emperor)に謁見を求めた(『後漢書(ごかんじょ)Book of the Later Han』東夷伝(とういでん)Treatise on the Dongyi)。
In 107, the King of Wa,
General Sho, and others offered 160 Ikuchi (slaves) to ask for an audience with
Emperor An ("Gokansho" Toiden).
桓帝(かんてい) Emperor Huan
後漢(ごかん)Later
Han Dynastyの第11代皇帝the 11th
Emperor
霊帝(れいてい) Emperor Ling
後漢(ごかん)Later
Han Dynastyの第12代皇帝the 12th emperor
倭国大乱(わこくのたいらん) Great Rebellion of Wa
邪馬台国(やまたいこく) Yamatai
3 邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamatai
倭国大乱(わこくのたいらん)
Great Rebellion of Wa
日本列島Japanese archipelagoに形成され始めた諸小国Small countriesは、後漢Later Han Dynastyの桓帝(かんてい)Emperor Huan~霊帝(れいてい)Emperor Ling(147年~189年)の間に、激しく抗争して大乱Great Rebellionとなった(『後漢書(ごかんじょ)Book of the Later Han』東夷伝(とういでん)Treatise on the Dongyi)。
The small nations that
began to form in the Japanese archipelago fought violently between Emperor Huan
and Emperor Ling of the Later Han dynasty (147-189), leading to chaos
("Book of the Later Han Dynasty").
この倭国大乱(わこくのたいらん)Great Rebellion of Waの過程で、諸小国Small countriesはより大きい国家large countryへと地域ごとに淘汰されたと考えられるが、その大乱Great Rebellionのあとには、30ほどの国家About thirty
nationsを統一Unifyした邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamatai(邪馬壹国(やまいちこく)Yamaichi)が出現した。
In the process of the
Wakoku War, small countries are thought to have been eliminated into larger
nations by region, but after the Great War, Yamataikoku (Yamataikoku), which
unified about 30 nations, emerged. bottom.
邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiについては、『三国志(さんごくし)Records of the Three Kingdoms』のうちの『魏志(ぎし)Book of Wei』倭人伝(わじんでん)Wajindenがさまざまに伝えている。
Yamataikoku is reported
in various ways in the Wajinden of the "Gizhi" in the
"Sangokushi".
邪馬台国九州説(やまたいこく・きゅうしゅう・せつ)Kitakyushu theory
邪馬台国畿内説(やまたいこく・きない・せつ)Yamato theory
邪馬台国の位置Location of
Yamatai
『魏志(ぎし)Book of Wei』倭人伝(わじんでん)Wajindenには、帯方郡(たいほう・ぐん)Daifang Commanderyから邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiにいたる道程が、途中に経る国名・方位・里程とともに書いてあるが、そのまま現在の地図に当てはめると、邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiは九州の南方のはるかの海上になる。
In the "Gishi" Wajinden, the road from Obikata County to
Yamataikoku is written along with the name of the country, direction, and
mileage along the way. in the far south of the sea.
したがって、この矛盾を解くために、『魏志(ぎし)Book of Wei』倭人伝(わじんでん)Wajindenの記事を修正しつつ読む必要が生じ、その方法によって北九州説(きたきゅうしゅう・せつ)Kitakyushu
theoryと大和説(やまと・せつ)Yamato theoryが生まれた。
Therefore, in order to
solve this contradiction, it became necessary to read the "Gishi"
Wajinden article while correcting it, and the Kitakyushu theory and the Yamato
theory were born by this method.
邪馬台国の国家的公権力
Yamatai's national
authority
邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiについて重要なことは、邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiが原始社会primitive
societiesの諸集団Groupsはもとより各地around the worldの小国家Small nationsの段階と違って、国々が一つにまとまった国家nationとして、配下の諸国Subordinate countriesに共通におよぼす公権力Public powerに基づく統一的支配体制Unified
control systemを備え始めていたことである。
What is important about
Yamataikoku is that it differs from the groups of primitive societies as well
as the small nations in various places, and as a unified nation, it exerts public
power in common over its subordinate nations. It was beginning to prepare a
unified rule system based on
女王 Queen 卑弥呼(ひみこ) Himiko
女王 Queen 卑弥呼(ひみこ) Himiko
①
王権Kingship, royal
authority
女王Queen卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoは弟younger brotherに政治Politicsを助けさせたが、政治判断Political
judgmentは自ら鬼道(きどう)kido(シャーマニズムShamanismの一種)によって下した。
Queen Himiko had her younger brother assist her in politics, but she
made her own political judgments through Kido (a kind of shamanism).
政治権Political
rightsと宗教権Religious rightsがまだ分離しない祭政一致(さいせい・いっち)the unity of ritual and governmentの形態だが、政法的判断Political judgmentは、個々の集団や諸国家ごとに決定されるのではなく、卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoのもとで統一的に決定されるようになった。
Political and religious rights are not yet separated from each
other, but political and legal decisions are not made by individual groups or
nations, but by Himiko.
外交Diplomacyも同様に、卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoが諸小国small
countriesを代表して中国王朝Chinese dynastyに使者を派遣Dispatch a messengerした。
Similarly, in diplomacy, Himiko sent envoys to the Chinese dynasty
on behalf of various small countries.
すなわち、魏(ぎ)Weiが楽浪郡(らくろう・ぐん)Lelang
Commandery・帯方郡(たいほう・ぐん)Daifang Commanderyを領有した翌年の239年(魏(ぎ)Weiの景初(けいしょ)3年the 3rd year of Jingchu of Wei)から、たびたび遣使(けんし)sent envoysしたのがそれである。
In other words, from 239 (the 3rd year of Jingchu of Wei), the year
after Wei possessed Lelang County and Bifang County, it frequently sent envoys.
魏王(ぎおう)King of Weiは卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoに「親魏倭王(しんぎわおう)Ruler of Wa,
Friend of Wei」の称号(しょうごう)Titleをおくり、金印(きんいん)gold seal紫綬(しじゅ)purple ribbonや銅鏡(どうきょう)Bronze mirrorを与えた。
The King of Wei gave
Himiko the title of 'Pro-Wei King of Wa,' and gave Himiko a golden purple
ribbon and a bronze mirror.
魏(ぎ)Wei・呉(ご)Wu・蜀(しょく)Shu 三国時代Three Kingdoms period
補足supplementary explanation
親魏倭王(しんぎわおう)Ruler of Wa, Friend of Wei
魏(ぎ)の国王King of Weiが、卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoに「親魏倭王(しんぎわおう)Ruler of Wa,
Friend of Wei」の称号(しょうごう)Titleを与えて特に優遇Preferential
treatmentしたのは、高句麗(こうくり)(コグリョ)Goguryeoと朝鮮半島南部Southern
Korean Peninsulaをめぐる情勢を考慮してのことであった。
The King of Wei gave Himiko the title of 'Pro-Wei King of Wa' and
treated him particularly favorably, taking into account the situation
surrounding Goguryeo and the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.
すなわち、魏(ぎ)Weiでは、朝鮮諸国Korean countriesの背後にある倭の王Ruler of Waと結ぶのが有利と判断してのことらしく、朝鮮諸国Korean countriesに対する遠交近攻策(えんこう・きんこう・さく)(遠い国と親しくし近くの国を攻略する)(a policy of
making good friendship of distant country while attacking the neighboring
countries)の上からも、称号(しょうごう)Titleを与えたと見られる。
In other words, it seems
that Wei decided that it would be advantageous to tie up with the king of Wa,
which was behind the Korean countries, and gave the title from the point of
view of the long-distance close attack against the Korean countries.
三角縁神獣鏡(さんかくぶち・しんじゅうきょう)triangular-rimmed deity and beast mirror
和泉黄金塚古墳(いずみ・こがねづか・こふん)Izumi Koganezuka Kofun
補足supplementary
explanation
鏡(きょう)mirror
銅鏡(どうきょう)Bronze mirror
漢(かん)Han Dynasty・後漢(ごかん)Later Han Dynasty・三国時代Three Kingdoms periodの中国Chinaで造られた鏡(きょう)mirrorが、倭(わ)Waの諸小国王Kings of small
countriesの使者messengerを通じて舶来(はくらい)Importedされ、倭国王(わのこくおう)Ruler of Waはそれを権威の象徴Symbol of
authorityとした(伝世鏡(でんせいきょう)ancestral mirror(古墳に副葬されている鏡のうち,長い間使用されたのちに納められた鏡をいう))。
Mirrors made in China during the Han, Later Han, and Three Kingdoms
periods were brought to Japan through messengers of various small kings of Wa,
and the kings of Wa used them as symbols of authority (densei mirror).
前期古墳Early tumulus副葬鏡(ふくそう・きょう)Grave mirrorsの主流は、鏡縁の断面が三角形で、内側に神像と獣形を浮彫に求心的に配置する三角縁神獣鏡(さんかくぶち・しんじゅうきょう)triangular-rimmed
deity and beast mirrorである。
The mainstream of early tumulus burial mirrors is the triangular-rimmed
divine beast mirror, in which the cross-section of the mirror frame is triangular
and the image of a deity and the shape of a beast are arranged centripetally in
relief.
和泉市の黄金塚古墳(いずみ・こがねづか・こふん)Izumi Koganezuka Kofun(4世紀後半)から魏(ぎ)Weiの年号「景初(けいしょ)三年」(西暦239年)の紀年銘鏡(きねん・めいきょう)が出土している。
A mirror with the year
``Kagetsu 3'' (239 AD) from the Koganezuka Tumulus (late 4th century) in Izumi
City has been excavated.
女王 Queen 卑弥呼(ひみこ) Himiko
① 支配秩序Domination
order, ruler order
女王Queen卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoは夫husbandを持たず、多数の婢(ひ)female servantを従えて宮殿の奥深く住んでいたという。
It is said that Queen Himiko did not have a husband and lived deep
inside the palace with many servants.
「大人(たいじん)person of high status」、「下戸(げこ)person of low
social standing」の身分の差Difference in statusがあった。
There was a difference in status between "adult" and
"lower".
一定の基準に基づく犯罪者の処刑Execution of criminalsは市(いち)marketで行い、市(いち)marketに集まる人々に見せしめにして法秩序the law and
orderを悟らせた。
Executions of criminals based on certain standards were carried out in the city, and the people who gathered in the city were shown the law and order.
補足supplementary explanation
大人(たいじん)person of high status・下戸(げこ)person of low
social standing
尊卑(そんぴ)high and lowの身分秩序Status
orderは厳しく、下戸(げこ)person of low social standingは道路で大人(たいじん)person of high statusにあうと、草の中にひざまずき土下座して挨拶をした。
The order of status among
sonpi was strict, and when Geto met an adult on the road, he would kneel in the
grass and kneel down on the ground to greet him.
下戸(げこ)Geko
下戸(げこ)Geko
下戸(げこ)Gekoとは、体質的physicallyに酒sakeやアルコール飲料alcoholic beveragesを飲めないunable to drink人のことを言う。
A Geko is a person who is
physically unable to drink sake or alcoholic beverages.
古くから日本in Japanでは、酒を全く飲めないcannot drink alcohol at allか、または飲める量が他と比較しても少ないdrink less alcohol than others人を「下戸(げこ)Geko」と呼び、その対義語antonymには「上戸(じょうこ)Joko」が宛てられる。
Since ancient times, in
Japan, people who cannot drink alcohol at all or who drink less alcohol than
others are called 'geko,' and the antonym is 'Joko.'
「戸(こ)Ko」とは律令制Ritsuryo systemにおける課税単位taxation unitのことであり、元来、最上位の大戸(おおと)Otoから、上戸(じょうこ)Joko、中戸(ちゅうこ)Chuko、下戸(げこ)Gekoと定めた上で婚礼時wedding ceremonyの酒量amount of alcoholを決めたことから、
'Ko' is a taxation unit
under the Ritsuryo system, and originally, the amount of alcohol at the wedding
ceremony was determined after setting the highest level, Oto, then Joko,
Nakato, and Geko. Since I decided
転じて酒を良く飲むdrink a lot of sake人を上戸(じょうこ)Joko(または大戸(おおと)Oto)、余り飲めないdo not drink much人を下戸(げこ)Gekoと呼んだのが由来originとされる。
It is said that the
origin of this name is that people who drink a lot of sake are called Joko (or
Oto), and people who do not drink much are called Geko.
邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamatai
①
税制Tax system
邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiは、国家財政national financeの財源resourcesとして、人々の収穫物の一部Part of the harvestを、租税(そぜい)Taxとして収奪plunderする制度systemも初めて整えていた。
Yamataikoku was the first
to establish a system to collect part of the people's harvests as taxes as a
source of national finance.
黥面文身(げいめんぶんしん)(いれずみ)Face tattoo
貫頭衣(かんとうい)Kantoi (布を二枚縫い合わせて頭と腕を出す穴のみ縫い残した衣装A costume made by sewing two pieces of cloth together and leaving
only the holes for the head and arms sewn together.)
邪馬台国の社会Society of
Yamatai
『魏志(ぎし)Book of Wei』倭人伝(わじんでん)Wajindenは、邪馬台国(やまたいこく)Yamataiの人々の生活を次のように伝えている。
"Gishi" Wajinden describes the lives of the people of
Yamatai as follows.
住民の多くは黥面文身(げいめんぶんしん)(いれずみ)Face tattooし、貫頭衣(かんとうい)を着て、裸足bare feetであった。
Most of the inhabitants
wore black-faced kimono, kantogi, and were barefoot.
人々は稲(いね)rice plantや麻(あさ)hempを植え、蚕(かいこ)silkwormを飼い糸threadsを紡いで織物(おりもの)Woven fabricを織り、海辺の住民Seaside residentsは水に潜って貝(かい)Shellfishや海藻(かいそう)seaweedをとった。
People planted rice and hemp, raised silkworms and spun threads to
weave fabrics, and coastal residents dived for shellfish and seaweed.
国内in-countryには市(いち)marketもたてられ、人々はここで交易(こうえき)tradeした。
Markets were also built
in the country, and people traded here.
壹与(いよ)Iyo (臺與(とよ)Toyo)
西晋(せいしん)Western
Jin
卑弥呼の死と邪馬台国
Death of Himiko and
Yamatai
卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoは240年~248年の頃に死んだが、そのとき径100余歩の塚(つか)(墳墓)huge tombを造り、奴婢(ぬひ)Nuhi (members of the slave class) 100余人を殉葬(じゅんそう)followed her to the graveした。
When Himiko died around 240-248, he built a mound (burial mound)
with a diameter of over 100 steps and buried over 100 slaves.
しかし、卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoのあとに男王Kingをたてると、国中が乱れて戦いが起こり、千余人の死者が出るほどであったので、卑弥呼(ひみこ)Himikoの宗女(そうじょ)Female heir壹与(いよ)Iyo(臺與(とよ)Toyo)をたてたところ治まった。
However, when a male king was appointed after Himiko, the whole
country was in chaos and a battle broke out, with more than 1,000 people dying.
When Himiko's sect daughter Tsuyoyo was established, the situation
was resolved.
女王Queen壹与(いよ)Iyo(臺與(とよ)Toyo)は、248年には魏(ぎ)Weiに、266年には西晋(せいしん)Western Jinに朝貢(ちょうこう)Tributeした。
Queen Iyo paid tribute to Wei in 248 and to Western Jin in 266.
中国大陸Chinese continentでは、魏(ぎ)Weiは263年に蜀(しょく)Shuを滅ぼしたが265年に滅び、代わって西晋(せいしん)Western Jinがおこっていた。
In mainland China, Wei
destroyed Shu in 263, but it was destroyed in 265, and Western Jin took over.