日本史28 Japanese history 28

幕政の展開

Development of the Shogunate politics

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakuseki（1657年～1725年）

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ）Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）は、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navyの駆逐艦（くちくかん）Destroyer。

Destroyer Yukikaze is a destroyer of the Japanese Navy.

陽炎型駆逐艦（かげろうがた・くちくかん）Kagero-class destroyersの8番艦the Eighth shipとして佐世保海軍工廠（させぼ・かいぐん・こうしょう）Sasebo Naval Arsenalで建造buildされた。

She was built at the Sasebo Arsenal as the 8th Kagero-class destroyer.

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

太平洋戦争Pacific War（大東亜戦争Greater East Asia War）当時の主力駆逐艦Main destroyerであった甲型駆逐艦（こうがた・くちくかん）Destroyer Type-A （陽炎型駆逐艦（かげろうがた・くちくかん）Kagero-class destroyers、夕雲型駆逐艦（ゆうぐもがた・くちくかん）Yugumo-class destroyers） 38隻の中で、駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）は唯一終戦まで生き残ったthe only one to survive until the end of the war。

Among the 38 A-class destroyers (Kagero-class destroyers, Yuugumo-class destroyers) that were the main destroyers at the time of the Pacific War (Greater East Asia War), the destroyer Yuki Kaze) was the only one to survive until the end of the war.

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

ミッドウェー海戦Battle of Midwayやガダルカナル島の戦いBattle of Guadalcanal､マリアナ沖海戦Battle of the Philippine Sea､レイテ沖海戦Battle of Leyte Gulfなど太平洋戦争Pacific War中の主要な作戦に参加し､さらに船団護衛Convoy escortや輸送任務Transport missionsに従事して常に第一線で激しい戦いAlways fighting fiercely on the front lineを繰り返しながら､ほぼ無傷nearly unscathedで終戦The end of the warを迎えたことから奇跡の駆逐艦Miracle destroyerと呼ばれた｡

She participated in major operations during the Pacific War, such as the Battle of Midway, the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of the Marianas Gulf, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and was also engaged in convoy escort and transport missions, constantly repeating fierce battles on the front lines and remaining almost unscathed. Since the end of the war, she was called the Miracle Destroyer.

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

戦中during the warより駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）のその幸運The good fortuneぶりは広く知られ、呉（くれ）Kureの駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）、佐世保（させぼ）Saseboの駆逐艦時雨（しぐれ）Destroyer Shigure（白露型駆逐艦（しらつゆがた・くちくかん）Shiratsuyu-class destroyer）と謳われた。

The good fortune of the destroyer Yukikaze was widely known during the war, and she was also named after Yukikaze in Kure and Shigure (a Shiratsuyu-class destroyer) in Sasebo. It was praised.

1945年（昭和20年）4月の天一号作戦（てん・いちごう・さくせん）Operation Heaven Oneでも戦艦大和（やまと）Battleship Yamatoの直衛a direct guardとして奮戦し､生存者を多数救助して帰投｡

During Operation Ten-Ichigo in April 1945, he fought bravely as a direct guard of the battleship Yamato, rescuing many survivors and returning home.

駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）

終戦後After the end of the war、駆逐艦雪風（ゆきかぜ） Destroyer Yukikaze （Snowy Wind）は日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy解体dissolutionに伴い除籍discharged from the register後中華民国the Republic of Chinaに賠償艦compensation shipとして引き渡され丹陽（たんよう）Tan Yangと改名、中華民国海軍the Republic of China Navyの主力艦Main shipとして活躍した。

After the end of the war, the destroyer Yukikaze was discharged from the register due to the dissolution of the Japanese Navy, and was handed over to the Republic of China as a compensation ship, renamed Danyo, and served as the main ship of the Republic of China Navy.

1971年（昭和46年）12月、台湾Taiwanにて解体Dismantlingされた。

It was dismantled in Taiwan in December 1971.

徳川家康（とくがわ・いえやす）Tokugawa Ieyasu

松平竹千代（まつだいら・たけちよ）Matsudaira Takechiyo

松平元信（まつだいら・もとのぶ）Matsudaira Motonobu

松平元康（まつだいら・もとやす）Matsudaira e Motoyasu

徳川秀忠（とくがわ・ひでただ）Tokugawa Hidetada（在職1605年～1623年）

徳川家光（とくがわ・いえみつ）Tokugawa Iemitsu（在職1623～1651）

3代将軍the 3rd shogun

第8章 Chapter 8

幕藩体制の展開

Development of the Shogunate system

第1節 Section 1

幕政の展開

Development of the Shogunate politics

文治政治（ぶんち・せいじ）の成立

Establishment of Civilized Politics

徳川家康（とくがわ・いえやす）Tokugawa Ieyasuから徳川家光（とくがわ・いえみつ）Tokugawa Iemitsuに至る3代three generationsは、幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateの創業期であり、その政治傾向political tendencyは武力第一military power firstとする武断主義（ぶだん・しゅぎ）Martialism（武断政治（ぶだん・せいじ）Martial Politics）であった。

The three generations, from Ieyasu Tokugawa to Iemitsu Tokugawa, were in the period when the Tokugawa shogunate was founded, and their political tendency was to put military power first. It was Dan Seiji)).

それは、1世紀余りmore than a centuryに渡る戦国乱世the turbulent Sengoku periodの余波を受け、対立する諸侯opposing feudal lordsを統治し強力な中央集権的powerful centralizedな幕藩体制（ばくはん・たいせい）Bakuhan system（shogunate system）を築き上げるために、武力的威圧military coercionを必要necessaryとしていたからであった。

This was because, in the aftermath of the turbulent Sengoku period that lasted for more than a century, military coercion was necessary in order to govern opposing feudal lords and build a powerful centralized shogunate system.

徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsuna（在職1651年～1680年）

4代将軍the 4th shogun

しかし、4代将軍the 4th shogun・徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsuna（在職1651年～1680年）の時代eraになると、文治主義（ぶんち・しゅぎ）Civilian Policy（文治政治（ぶんち・せいじ）Civilized Politics）が政治の前面the forefront of politicsに押し出されてきた。

However, in the era of the 4th shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680), Bunchi Shugi (Civilian politics) came to the forefront of politics. been pushed out.

牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōnin

既に幕藩体制（ばくはん・たいせい）Bakuhan system（shogunate system）は整い、将軍の支配力は確立し、武力による幕府転覆の恐れがなくなったこと、幕府創業期の改易（かいえき）Kaieki（deprivation）・減封（げんぽう）Genpo（reduction of fiefdoms）などによって多くの牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōninが生じ社会問題social problemとなっていたこと、さらに商品経済の発達による武士の経済的困窮the economic hardship of the samuraiと農民の反抗the rebellion of the peasantsに直面して、幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateは武断主義（ぶだん・しゅぎ）Martialism的な政治基調the political toneを改め、法律・制度を整えることによって社会秩序を保ち、幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateの権威authorityを高めようとしたのである。

The shogunate system was already in place, the power of the shogun was established, and there was no fear of the shogunate being overthrown by force. )

During the founding of the shogunate, many ronin (ronin) were created due to reforms and reduction of fiefdoms, which became a social problem.

had become a social problem, and in the face of the economic hardship of the samurai and the rebellion of the peasants due to the development of the commodity economy, the shogunate changed the political tone of the martial arts, and improved society by improving laws and systems. They tried to maintain order and increase the authority of the shogunate.

由比正雪（ゆい・しょうせつ）Yui Shōsetsu

丸橋忠弥（まるばし・ちゅうや）Marubashi Chuya

このような社会情勢In such a social situationのなかで、1651年（慶安4年）に3代将軍the 3rd shogun・徳川家光（とくがわ・いえみつ）Tokugawa Iemitsuが没し、11歳の徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsuna（在職1651年～1680年）が4代将軍the 4th shogunに就任する直前、江戸の軍学者a military scholar in Edo・由比正雪（ゆい・しょうせつ）Yui Shōsetsuは丸橋忠弥（まるばし・ちゅうや）Marubashi Chuyaらと共に2000余人の牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōnin more than 2,000 roninを集めて幕府転覆の挙兵raise an army to overthrow the shogunateをはかったが、未然に発覚して鎮圧discovered and suppressedされた。

In such a social situation, the 3rd shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa died in 1651 (Keian 4), and the 11-year-old Ietsuna Tokugawa (1651-1680) became the 4th shogun. Shosetsu Yui, a military scholar in Edo, gathered more than 2,000 ronin (ronin) together with Chuya Marubashi and others to raise an army to overthrow the shogunate, was discovered and suppressed.

慶安の変（けいあん・の・へん）Keian Uprising（由比正雪の乱（ゆい・しょうせつ・の・らん）Yui Shosetsu no Ran）

これが慶安の変（けいあん・の・へん）Keian Uprising（由比正雪の乱（ゆい・しょうせつ・の・らん）Yui Shosetsu no Ran）である。

This was the Keian Incident (Yui Shosetsu no Ran).

別木庄左衛門（べつぎ・しょうざえもん）Betsugi Shozaemon（戸次庄左衛門）

また翌1652年（慶安5年）には、江戸Edoの牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōnin・別木庄左衛門（べつぎ・しょうざえもん）Betsugi Shozaemon（戸次庄左衛門）らが老中（ろうじゅう）Rōjū（Elder）を暗殺assassinateしようとした事件Incident（承応事件（じょうおう・じけん）Joo Incident）が起こり、牢人の反乱the rebellion of Rōninが続出する気運momentumが高まっていた。

In the following year, 1652, Edo prisoner Betsugi Shozaemon (Betsugi Shozaemon) and others attempted to assassinate a senior councilor (Joo Incident). ・Jiken)) occurred, and the momentum for the rebellion of prisoners was increasing.

末期養子（まつご・ようし）terminally adopted child

そこで幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateは、従来の牢人対策measures against Rōninを緩和して仕官の道the way for them to serve as officersを開き、いっぽう牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōninの発生を防止するため、50歳未満の者に末期養子（まつご・ようし）terminally adopted childを認め、大名統制策the daimyo control measuresの緩和を行った。

Therefore, the shogunate eased the conventional measures against prisoners and opened the way for them to serve as officers. was relaxed.

On the other hand, in order to prevent the outbreak of Ronin (Rōnin), people under the age of 50 were allowed to adopt terminally ill children (Matsugo/Yoshi), and the daimyo control measures were relaxed.

末期養子（まつご・ようし）terminally adopted childとは、急養子（きゅうようし）immediate adoptionとも称し、当主の死亡直前immediately before the death of the head of the familyに、養子相続adoption inheritanceを願い出ることを指す。

Also called immediate adoption, it refers to requesting adoption inheritance immediately before the death of the head of the family.

末期養子（まつご・ようし）terminally adopted child

当主が若年the family head was youngであったり、急病sudden illnessのため相続人が決定していないthe heir had not been decidedときに行われた。

It was performed when the family head was young or the heir had not been decided due to sudden illness.

家督相続succession to the family headshipには主君the lord（大名（だいみょう）Daimyo（feudal lords）の場合は幕府（ばくふ）the shogunate）の許可permissionを必要としたが、幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateは大名（だいみょう）Daimyo（feudal lords）の末期養子（まつご・ようし）terminally adopted childを認めず、取り潰し（とりつぶし）dissolutionの手段としていた。

The permission of the lord (the shogunate in the case of a daimyo) was required for succession to the family headship, but the shogunate did not recognize the daimyo's late adoptive son (Matsugo Yoshi) and used it as a means of dissolution.

徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsuna（在職1651年～1680年）

4代将軍the 4th shogun

徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsunaは、牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）対策measures against Rōninの一つとしてこの制度を緩めた。

Ietsuna TOKUGAWA relaxed this system as one of measures against prisoners.

松平信綱（まつだいら・のぶつな）Matsudaira Nobutsuna

阿部忠秋（あべ・ただあき）Abe Tadaaki

保科正之（ほしな・まさゆき）Hoshina Masayuki

徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsunaの時代には、徳川家光（とくがわ・いえみつ）Tokugawa Iemitsu以来の松平信綱（まつだいら・のぶつな）Matsudaira Nobutsunaや阿部忠秋（あべ・ただあき）Abe Tadaakiらの名臣が活躍し、また徳川家光（とくがわ・いえみつ）Tokugawa Iemitsuの遺命によって徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsunaの叔父uncleに当たる保科正之（ほしな・まさゆき）Hoshina Masayukiが補佐し、幕政の危機the crisis of the shogunate governmentを乗り越えるため、従来の武断政治（ぶだん・せいじ）military politicsから文治政治（ぶんち・せいじ）Civilized Politics civilized governmentへの転換shiftが行われた。

During the Tokugawa Ietsuna era, Matsudaira Nobutsuna, Abe Tadaaki, and other prominent retainers since Tokugawa Iemitsu were active. By Iemitsu's will, Masayuki HOSHINA, the uncle of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, assisted, and in order to overcome the crisis of the shogunate government, a shift from the conventional military politics to a civilized government was carried out.

酒井忠清（さかい・ただきよ）Sakai Tadakiyo

さらに保科正之（ほしな・まさゆき）Hoshina Masayukiの引退後は、「下馬将軍（げば・しょうぐん）Geba shogun」と呼ばれた酒井忠清（さかい・ただきよ）Sakai Tadakiyoが大老（たいろう）Tairō（great elder）として権力を握った。

Furthermore, after Masayuki Hoshina retired, Tadakiyo Sakai, who was called 'Geba', assumed power as a chief minister.

殉死の禁止（じゅんし・の・きんし）the ban on martyrdom

この間、戦国時代からの遺風the legacy of the Warring States periodをなくすことにも努め、大名（だいみょう）Daimyo（feudal lords）が幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateに人質hostagesを差し出す証人の制（しょうにんせい）the witness systemを廃止し、1663年（寛文3年）には殉死の禁止（じゅんし・の・きんし）the ban on martyrdomを行った。

During this period, he also worked to eliminate the legacy of the Warring States period, abolished the witness system in which daimyo held hostages to the shogunate, and in 1663 (Kanbun 3rd year), the ban on martyrdom (Junshi no Kinshi) was introduced. went.

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

5代将軍the 5th shogun

堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshi

1680年（延宝8年）、（いえつな）徳川家綱（とくがわ・いえつな）Tokugawa Ietsunaの弟younger brotherで、上州（じょうしゅう）Jōshū（群馬県Gunma Prefecture）館林城（たてばやし・じょう）Tatebayashi Castle主lord徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiが5代将軍the 5th shogunに就任し、堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshiを大老（たいろう）Tairō（great elder）として幕政the shogunate governmentを引き締めた。

In 1680, Tsunayoshi Tokugawa, the younger brother of Ietsuna Tokugawa and the lord of Tatebayashi Castle in Joshu, was appointed as the 5th shogun, and Masatoshi Hotta was appointed. Masatoshi) tightened up the shogunate government with Tairo.

木下順庵（きのした・じゅんあん）Kinoshita Jun'an

林羅山（はやし・らざん）Hayashi Razan（道春（どうしゅん）Doshun）

林信篤（はやし・のぶあつ）Hayashi Nobutatsu（鳳岡（ほうこう）Hōkō）

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiは儒学（じゅがく）Confucianismの振興をはかり、木下順庵（きのした・じゅんあん）Kinoshita Jun'anらの儒者Confucianistsを起用し、林羅山（はやし・らざん）Hayashi Razanの孫grandsonの林信篤（はやし・のぶあつ）Hayashi Nobutatsu（鳳岡（ほうこう）Hōkō）を大学頭（だいがく・の・かみ）Daigaku no Kami（head of the university）に任じて文教（ぶんきょう）educationを指導させた。

Tsunayoshi Tokugawa promoted Confucianism, appointed Confucianists such as Junan Kinoshita, and appointed Nobuatsu Hayashi (Hoko), the grandson of Razan Hayashi. )) was appointed as Daigaku no Kami (head of the university) and instructed in education.

大成殿（たいせいでん）Taiseiden（湯島聖堂（ゆしま・せいどう）Yushima Seidō）

1690年（元禄3年）、林羅山（はやし・らざん）Hayashi Razanが設けた上野（うえの）Ueno忍ヶ岡（しのぶがおか）Shinobugaokaの孔子廟（こうしびょう）Temple of Confuciusを湯島（ゆしま）Yushimaに移し、大成殿（たいせいでん）Taiseiden（聖堂（せいどう）Confucian temple）（湯島聖堂（ゆしませいどう）Yushima Seidō）を建立し、学問所（がくもんじょ）the schoolを整備し、徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiも自ら大名（だいみょう）Daimyo（feudal lords）や旗本（はたもと）Hatamotoを集めて経書（けいしょ）classic Confucian writingsの講義lecturesを行った。

In 1690 (3rd year of the Genroku era), the Confucius Mausoleum in Ueno Shinobugaoka, which was established by Razan Hayashi, was moved to Yushima, and the Taiseiden (cathedral) was built, and the school was improved. Yoshi) himself gathered daimyo and hatamoto and gave lectures on sutras.

北村季吟（きたむら・きぎん）Kitamura Kigin

安井算哲（やすい・さんてつ）Yasui Santetsu（渋川春海（しぶかわ・はるみ）Shibukawa Harumi）

また、北村季吟（きたむら・きぎん）Kitamura Kiginを歌学方（かがくがた）a poetに、安井算哲（やすい・さんてつ）Yasui Santetsu（渋川春海（しぶかわ・はるみ）Shibukawa Harumi）を天文方（てんもんかた）astronomerに任ずるなど、学問興隆prosperity of learningにもつくした。

He also contributed to the prosperity of learning by appointing Kigin KITAMURA as a poet and Tetsu Yasui (Harumi SHIBUKAWA) as an astronomer.

稲葉正休（いなば・まさやす）Inaba Masayasu

柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu

1684年（貞享1年）、大老（たいろう）Tairō（great elder）・堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshiが江戸城中in Edo Castleで若年寄（わかどしより）Wakadoshiyori・稲葉正休（いなば・まさやす）Inaba Masayasuに刺殺されてのちは、柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasuを側用人（そばようにん）Sobayoninに登用し、奢侈（しゃし）生活luxurious lifeにふけるようになった。

In 1684 (Jokyo 1), after Masatoshi Hotta, the chief minister, was stabbed to death by Masayasu Inaba, a young man in Edo Castle, Yoshiyasu Yanagisawa was killed. Appointed as a side servant (soba yonin), he began to indulge in a luxurious life.

桂昌院（けいしょういん）Keishoin

また生母birth mother・桂昌院（けいしょういん）Keishoinの感化を受けて仏教Buddhismを信じるあまり、上野（うえの）Ueno寛永寺（かんえいじ）Kan'ei-jiの根本中堂（こんぽんちゅうどう）Konponchudoや護国寺（ごこくじ）Gokoku-ji・護持院（ごじいん）Goji-inなどを建立し、多くの寺の修理repairing many templesに多大な費用a great deal of moneyを投じるなどして、幕府の財政難the financial difficulties of the shogunateにいっそう拍車をかけた。

Influenced by his birth mother, Keishoin, he believed in Buddhism so much that he built Konponchudo, Gokoku-ji Temple, and Goji-in Temple in Ueno Kanei-ji Temple, and invested a great deal of money in repairing many temples. , further exacerbated the financial difficulties of the shogunate.

隆光（りゅうこう）Ryuko

生類憐みの令（しょうるい・あわれみ・の・れい）Shōrui Awaremi no Rei）

1685年（貞享2年）、護持院（ごじいん）Goji-inの僧the monk隆光（りゅうこう）Ryukoの勧めで、殺生禁断令（せっしょう・きんだんれい）an order prohibiting the killing of living things（生類憐みの令（しょうるい・あわれみ・の・れい）Shōrui Awaremi no Rei）を発した。

In 1685 (Jokyo 2), at the recommendation of Ryuko, the monk of Goji-in Temple, he issued an order prohibiting the killing of living things (Shorui Awaremi no Rei).

1687年（貞享（じょうきょう）4年）以来極端な動物愛護令（どうぶつ・あいごれい）an extreme animal protection orderとなり、発令は繰り返された。

Since 1687 (Jokyo 4), it has become an extreme animal protection order, and has been issued repeatedly.

世嗣（よつぎ）heirが生まれなかった徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiが戌（いぬ）年the year of the dogであったことから、特に犬の愛護（あいご）the protection of dogsを命じて人々を苦しめた。

Since Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, who had no heir, was born in the year of the dog, he particularly ordered the protection of dogs and tormented the people.

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiは「犬公方（いぬくぼう）Inukubo」と呼ばれて非難を受けた。

Tsunayoshi Tokugawa was criticized for being called "Inukubo".

生類憐みの令（しょうるい・あわれみ・の・れい）Shōrui Awaremi no Rei）

犬目付（いぬめつけ）watchdogを巡回patrolさせ、犬を虐待した者those who abused dogsを摘発exposedして、切腹（せっぷく）Seppuku・はりつけcrucifixion・遠島remote islandsなどの重刑severe punishmentsをもって処罰punishedした。

Dogs were made to patrol, and those who abused dogs were exposed and punished with severe punishments such as seppuku, crucifixion, and remote islands.

犬（いぬ）Dogsは「お犬さま」と称して恐れられ、災いを避けて捨犬abandoned dogsが増加increasedしたため、幕府（ばくふ）the shogunateは1695年、四谷・大久保・中野に犬小屋kennelsを設け、数万匹の野犬tens of thousands of stray dogsを収容して飼育housed and bredさせた。

Dogs were feared as "dogs", and the number of abandoned dogs to avoid disasters increased.

In 1695, the shogunate established kennels in Yotsuya, Okubo, and Nakano, where tens of thousands of stray dogs were housed and bred.

この頃になると、都市の商品経済の発展the development of the city's commodity economyによる消費支出の増大the increase in consumption expenditure、さらに金銀産出量の激減the drastic decrease in gold and silver production、貿易利潤の減少the decrease in trade profitsなどで、幕府の財政the finances of the shogunateは次第に苦しくなっていった。

Around this time, the finances of the shogunate gradually became difficult due to the increase in consumption expenditure due to the development of the city's commodity economy, the drastic decrease in gold and silver production, and the decrease in trade profits.

明暦の大火（めいれき・の・たいか）Great Fire of Meireki（振袖火事（ふりそで・かじ）Furisode Fire）

また1657年（明暦3年）明暦の大火（めいれき・の・たいか）Great Fire of Meireki（振袖火事（ふりそで・かじ）Furisode Fire）が起こり、その復興に多額の出費を要しReconstruction required a large amount of money、さらに徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiと生母biological mother・桂昌院（けいしょういん）Keishoinの濫費excessive spendingで幕府財政の収支均衡the financial balance of the bakufuは崩れ、徳川家康（とくがわ・いえやす）Tokugawa Ieyasu以来蓄財accumulatedした600万余両the 6,000,000 ryoもこの時期に消滅disappearedしてしまった。

In 1657 (Meireki 3), the Great Fire of Meireki broke out, requiring a large amount of money to recover. ), the financial balance of the bakufu collapsed, and the 6,000,000 ryo that had been accumulated since Ieyasu disappeared during this period.

荻原重秀（おぎわら・しげひで）Ogiwara Shigehide

そのため徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiは、勘定吟味役（かんじょう・ぎんみやく）the chief account inspector（のち勘定奉行（かんじょう・ぶぎょう）Kanjō bugyō）荻原重秀（おぎわら・しげひで）Ogiwara Shigehideの献策を入れて、1695年（元禄8年）に慶長金銀（けいちょう・きんぎん）Keichō gold and silver以来の貨幣の純度を落として改鋳recast with less purity than gold and silverした元禄金銀（げんろく・きんぎん）Genroku gold and silverを発行issuedした。

For this reason, Tsunayoshi Tokugawa put in a proposal from Shigehide Ogiwara, the chief account inspector (later the magistrate of accounts), and in 1695 (the 8th year of the Genroku era) Genroku gold and silver, which was recast with less purity than gold and silver, was issued.

その結果、450万両にのぼる差益金profit（出目（でめ）deme）を得た。

As a result, he earned a profit of 4.5 million ryo (deme).

これは一時の収入増となり、財政を一時的に潤すtemporary financial boostことになったが、物価は高騰prices soaredし、経済界を混乱disrupting the economic worldさせ、武士・庶民の生活難the lives of the samurai and commonersはいっそう深刻になった。

This resulted in a temporary increase in income and a temporary financial boost, but prices soared, disrupting the economic world and making the lives of the samurai and commoners even more serious.

牧野成貞（まきの・なりさだ）Makino Narisada

柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu

側用人（そばようにん）政治Sobayonin Politics

側用人（そばようにん）Sobayoninは常に将軍shogunの側近に侍し、老中（ろうじゅう）Rōjū（Elder）の上申（じょうしん）reportsの取次ぎ、将軍の意志shogun's intentionsの伝達、また自らの意見his own opinionsの将軍shogunへの具申presentingなどを行った。

The soba-yonin always served the shogun's close advisers, acting as an intermediary for reports from the roju, conveying the shogun's intentions, and presenting his own opinions to the shogun.

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiのとき、牧野成貞（まきの・なりさだ）Makino Narisadaが頭角を現し、ついで柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasuも徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiの信任trustを得て、幕政the shogunate governmentを一任された。

At the time of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Makino Narisada made a name for himself, and then Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu gained Tsunayoshi Tokugawa's trust and started the shogunate government. entrusted.

老中（ろうじゅう）Rōjū（Elder）中心の政治politicsから側用人政治（そばようにん・せいじ）Sobayonin Politicsに移ったのは、吏務的（りむてき）才幹（さいかん）talent for administrative dutiesを必要necessaryとするようになったためであった。

The reason why the government shifted from politics centered on roju (senior councilors) to politics with vassals was that it became necessary to have talent for administrative duties.

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobu

6代将軍the sixth shogun

徳川綱吉（とくがわつなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiの甥nephew

間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusa

田沼意次（たぬま・おきつぐ）Tanuma Okitsugu（1719～1788）

この将軍の独裁専制Shogun's dictatorshipを背景とする側用人政治（そばようにん・せいじ）Sobayonin Politicsの形態は、6代将軍the sixth shogun徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobuの間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusaに受け継がれ、田沼意次（たぬま・おきつぐ）Tanuma Okitsuguも側用人（そばようにん）Sobayoninから出発したのである。

This form of sobayonin politics against the backdrop of the Shogun's dictatorship was inherited by Akifusa Manabe, the sixth Tokugawa Ienobu, and Okitsugu Tanuma was also a sobayonin. It started from (Soba Yonin).

赤穂事件（あこう・じけん）the Akō incident

浅野長矩（あさの・ながのり）Asano Naganori（浅野内匠頭（あさの・たくみのかみ）Asano Takumi no Kami）

吉良義央（きら・よしなか）Kira Yoshinaka（吉良上野介（きら・こうずけのすけ）Kira Kōzuke no suke）

赤穂事件（あこう・じけん）the Akō incident

1701年（元禄14年）赤穂藩（あこう・はん）the Ako Domain主the lordの浅野長矩（あさの・ながのり）Asano Naganori（浅野内匠頭（あさの・たくみのかみ）Asano Takumi no Kami）は、江戸城Edo Castle中松之大廊下（まつの・おおろうか）Matsu no Ōrōkaで高家（こうけ）Kōke吉良義央（きら・よしなか）Kira Yoshinaka（吉良上野介（きら・こうずけのすけ）Kira Kōzuke no suke）に刃傷（にんじょう）knife woundに及び切腹（せっぷく）Seppukuとなった。

In 1701 (Genroku 14), Asano Naganori (Takumi no Kami), the lord of the Ako Domain, visited Edo Castle's Matsuno Corridor, where Yoshinaka Kira (Kounosuke) He suffered a knife wound (Ninjo) and committed seppuku.

大石良雄（おおいし・よしお）Ōishi Yoshio（大石内蔵助（おおいし・くらのすけ）Ōishi Kuranosuke）

翌1702年（元禄15年）12月、元城代家老the former chief retainer of the castle・大石良雄（おおいし・よしお）Ōishi Yoshio（大石内蔵助（おおいし・くらのすけ）Ōishi Kuranosuke）以下浪士（ろうし）Roshiが吉良邸（きらてい）the Kira residenceに討入（うちい）りattacked敵討ち（かたきうち）avenged the enemyを果たした（赤穂事件（あこう・じけん）the Akō incident）。

In the following December, 1702 (Genroku 15), Roshi under the former chief retainer of the castle, Yoshio Oishi (Kuranosuke), attacked the Kira residence and avenged the enemy. Ta.

その行為this actについて佐藤直方（さとう・なおかた）Satō Naokata・荻生徂徠（おぎゅう・そらい）Ogyū Sorai・太宰春台（だざい・しゅんだい）Dazai Shundaiは義士（ぎし）Gishi否定論deniedで、伊藤東涯（いとう・とうがい）Itō Tōgai・室鳩巣（むろ・きゅうそう）Muro Kyūsō・林鳳岡（はやし・ほうこう）Hayashi Hōkōらは肯定論supportedであった。

Naokata SATO, Sorai OGYU, and Shundai DAZAI denied this act, while Togai ITO, Kyusu MURO, and Hooka HAYASHI supported it.

仮名手本忠臣蔵（かなでほん・ちゅうしんぐら）Kanadehon Chūshingura

犬公方（いぬくぼう）Inukuboの治下に抑圧されていた民衆The peopleは、法lawよりも情compassionを重んじ、人形浄瑠璃（にんぎょう・じょうるり）Ningyō jōruri・歌舞伎（かぶき）Kabukiとなった『仮名手本忠臣蔵（かなでほん・ちゅうしんぐら）Kanadehon Chūshingura』を喝采で迎えたgreeted with applause。

The people, who had been oppressed under Inukubo's reign, valued compassion more than the law, and performed "Kanadehon Chushingura," which became a ningyo joruri and kabuki play. greeted with applause.

徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

5代将軍the 5th shogun

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobu（在職1709～1712）

6代将軍the sixth shogun

徳川綱吉（とくがわつなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiの甥nephew

徳川家継（とくがわいえつぐ）Tokugawa Ietsugu（在職1713～1716）

7代将軍the 7th shogun

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobuの子son

正徳の治（しょうとく・の・ち）Shōtoku no chi

1709年（宝永6年）に徳川綱吉（とくがわ・つなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiが死去diedすると、甥nephewの甲府藩（こうふはん）the Kofu domain主the lord徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobu（在職1709～1712）が6代将軍the sixth shogunとなり、次いでその子son徳川家継（とくがわ・いえつぐ）Tokugawa Ietsugu（在職1713～1716）が7代将軍the 7th shogunとなった。

When Tokugawa Tsunayoshi died in 1709, his nephew Tokugawa Ienobu (1709-1712), the lord of the Kofu domain (Tokugawa Tsunayoshi's nephew), became the sixth shogun, and then his son. Tokugawa Ietsugu (1713-1716) (son of Tokugawa Ienobu) became the 7th shogun.

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakuseki（1657年～1725年）

間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusa

この両将軍these two shogunsの時代In the eraに新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiは政治顧問political adviserとして、側用人（そばようにん）Sobayonin・間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusaとともに前代の幣政（へいせい）（弊害の多い政治）を改め、正徳の治（しょうとく・の・ち）Shōtoku no chiと呼ばれる積極的な文治政治（ぶんち・せいじ）Civilized Politicsを展開developedした。

In the era of these two shoguns, Hakuseki Arai served as a political adviser, and together with Yonin Soba and Akifusa Manabe, reformed the previous administration, and undertook the rule of Shotoku. He developed an active Bunji politics called Shoutoku-no-chi.

柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu

生類憐みの令（しょうるい・あわれみ・の・れい）Shōrui Awaremi no Reiを廃止abolishedするとともに、柳沢吉保（やなぎさわ・よしやす）Yanagisawa Yoshiyasuを退けた。

He abolished the ordinance of compassion for living creatures and rejected Yoshiyasu Yanagisawa.

また「武家諸法度（ぶけしょはっと）Buke shohatto」を仮名まじり和文Japanese with a mixture of kana charactersに改め、綱紀粛正（こうき・しゅくせい）strict disciplineの条項an articleを加えて、賄賂briberyなどを禁じた。

In addition, ``Buke Shohatto'' was changed to Japanese with a mixture of kana characters, and an article on strict discipline was added to prohibit bribery.

武家官位装束考（ぶけ・かんい・しょうぞく・こう）Buke Official Rank Costume Consideration

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiは儒学者Confucian scholarとしての名分思想his philosophyから、服装clothing・儀式rituals・典礼liturgyを整え、将軍の権威the authority of the shogunを高めようとして『武家官位装束考（ぶけ・かんい・しょうぞく・こう）Buke Official Rank Costume Consideration』を著している。

Hakuseki Arai, based on his philosophy as a Confucian scholar, wrote ``Buke Official Rank Costume Consideration'' in an attempt to improve the authority of the shogun by regulating clothing, rituals, and liturgy.

荻原重秀（おぎわら・しげひで）Ogiwara Shigehide

荻原重秀（おぎわら・しげひで）Ogiwara Shigehideを退け、元禄金銀（げんろく・きんぎん）Genroku gold and silverを改鋳し、乾字金（けんじきん）Kenjikinに続いて慶長金銀（けいちょう・きんぎん）Keichō gold and silverと同じ品位を持つ正徳金銀（しょうとく・きんぎん）Shōtoku gold and silverを鋳造し、物価の安定stabilize pricesをはかった。

Rejecting Ogiwara Shigehide, recast Genroku gold and silver, and has the same quality as Keicho gold and silver following Kenjikin. Shotoku gold and silver were minted to stabilize prices.

海舶互市新例（かいはく・ごし・しんれい）Kaihaku Goshi Shinrei

1715年（正徳5年）、金銀の海外流出the outflow of gold and silver overseasを抑えるため、海舶互市新例（かいはく・ごし・しんれい）Kaihaku Goshi Shinrei（長崎新令（ながさき・しんれい）Nagasaki Shinrei・正徳新令（しょうとく・しんれい）Shōtoku Shinrei）を出して貿易額を制限the amount of trade was restrictedした。

In 1715 (Shotoku 5th year), in order to suppress the outflow of gold and silver overseas, Kaihaku Goshi Shinrei (Nagasaki Shinrei, Shotoku Shinrei) were introduced. ``Shinrei'') was issued to limit the amount of trade.

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiの進めた儒教的文治政治the Confucian-style Civilized Politicsは、一面では幕政の引き締めtightening the shogunate governmentに効果があった。

On the one hand, the Confucian-style literary politics promoted by Hakuseki Arai had the effect of tightening the shogunate government.

徳川吉宗（とくがわ・よしむね）Tokugawa Yoshimune

しかし、その理想主義his idealismは現実無視の傾向tended to ignore realityを帯び、政策his policyは幕政の動揺the turmoil of the shogunate governmentを根本的に改めるfundamentally changeには至らず、1716年、徳川吉宗（とくがわ・よしむね）Tokugawa Yoshimuneによって退けられたrejected。

However, his idealism tended to ignore reality, and his policy failed to fundamentally change the turmoil of the shogunate government, and in 1716, it was rejected by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakuseki（1657年～1725年）

堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshi

新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakuseki

諱（いみな）personal nameは君美（きみよし）Kimiyoshi、通称common nameは勘解由（かげゆ）Kageyuなど、白石（はくせき）Hakusekiは号（ごう）pen name。

幼少より学才に優れexcellent academic ability、1682年大老（たいろう）Tairō（great elder）・堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshiに仕えたが、堀田正俊（ほった・まさとし）Hotta Masatoshiが殿中で刺殺stabbed to deathされたため再び牢人（浪人）（ろうにん）Rōninとなる。

He had excellent academic ability from a young age, and in 1682 he served the chief elder, Masatoshi Hotta, but when Masatoshi Hotta was stabbed to death in his palace, he was imprisoned again.

木下順庵（きのした・じゅんあん）Kinoshita Jun'an

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobu（在職1709～1712）

徳川綱豊（とくがわ・つなとよ）Tsunatoyo

6代将軍the 6th shogun

徳川綱吉（とくがわつなよし）Tokugawa Tsunayoshiの甥nephew

木下順庵（きのした・じゅんあん）Kinoshita Jun'anの高弟senior disciplesの一人として、その推挙で甲府藩（こうふはん）the Kofu domain主the lord・徳川綱豊（とくがわ・つなとよ）Tsunatoyo（のち6代将軍the 6th shogun・徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobu）の侍講（じこう）imperial tutorとなり、19年間に新講new lectures 1299日におよんだ。

As one of Jun'an Kinoshita's senior disciples, he was promoted to be a samurai to Tsunatoyo Tokugawa, the lord of the Kofu domain (later Ienobu Tokugawa, the 6th shogun), and held 1299 new lectures over a period of 19 years.

間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusa

徳川家継（とくがわ・いえつぐ）Tokugawa Ietsugu（在職1713～1716）

7代将軍the 7th shogun

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobuの子son

徳川家宣（とくがわ・いえのぶ）Tokugawa Ienobuが将軍shogunにつくと、側用人（そばようにん）・間部詮房（まなべ・あきふさ）Manabe Akifusaとともに、次の徳川家継（とくがわ・いえつぐ）Tokugawa Ietsuguの政治も補佐した。

When Tokugawa Ienobu became shogun, he also assisted the next Tokugawa Ietsugu with his side servant Akifusa Manabe.

礼楽の振興the promotion of courtesy and musicに力を尽くし仁愛の精神spirit of benevolenceで人民に臨むという高邁（こうまい）な理想主義his lofty idealismで、反対意見opposing opinionsに対して妥協せず徹底的に論破refutedしたため「鬼（おに）demon」の異名the nicknameをもって忌み嫌われたという。

It is said that he was hated by the nickname of 'demon' because he thoroughly refuted opposing opinions without compromising on his lofty idealism that he devoted himself to the promotion of courtesy and music and approached the people with a spirit of benevolence.

松浦静山（まつら・せいざん）Matsura Seizan

平戸城（ひらどじょう）Hirado Castle主the lord・松浦静山（まつら・せいざん）Matsura Seizanは、『甲子夜話（かっし・やわ）Kasshi Yawa』で新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiを「いかにも訝（いぶ）かしき面体very suspicious of his faceにして君子gentlemanとは評しがたし」、また新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiが利に聡いhis intelligenceことから「権変（けんぺん）術数の人a person with a level of power and skillにも徳ある人virtuous personとは言い難しIt is difficult to say that」と評している。

Shizuzan Matsuura, the lord of Hirado Castle, wrote that Hakuseki Arai was ``very suspicious of his face, so I can't describe him as a gentleman.'' Due to his intelligence, he has been described as saying, ``It is difficult to say that even a person with a level of power and skill can be said to be a virtuous person.''

徳川吉宗（とくがわ・よしむね）Tokugawa Yoshimune

徳川家継（とくがわ・いえつぐ）Tokugawa Ietsuguなきあと地位を失うが、新井白石（あらい・はくせき）Arai Hakusekiの施策が次の徳川吉宗（とくがわ・よしむね）Tokugawa Yoshimuneの時代に結実するものも多い。

Although he lost his position after Ietsugu Tokugawa lost his position, many of Arai Shiraishi's policies bore fruit during the next Yoshimune era.

不遇の中で著述に励み、史書として、各大名の系譜的歴史the genealogical history of each feudal lordを述べた『藩翰譜（はんかんふ）Hankanfu』、

In the midst of his misfortune, he devoted himself to writing, and as a history book, "Hankanfu" described the genealogical history of each feudal lord.

読史余論（とくし・よろん）Tokushi Yoron

摂関政治Regency politicsから家康制覇Ieyasu's conquestまでの政権移動the change in powerの由来the originを記した『読史余論（とくし・よろん）Tokushi Yoron』、

``Tokushi Yoron,'' which describes the origin of the change in power from regent politics to Ieyasu's conquest;

神話mythsを合理的に解釈rationally interpretしその中に含まれる歴史的事実the historical factsを解明しようとした『古史通（こしつう）Koshitsū』がある。

There is a book called ``Koshitsu,'' which attempts to rationally interpret myths and elucidate the historical facts contained within them.

本朝宝貨通用事略（ほんちょう・ほうか・つうよう・じりゃく）Honcho Treasure Currency Policy

ほかに、金銀産出の事情the circumstances of gold and silver productionと貿易による宝貨の海外流出・損害the outflow and damage of treasure coins overseas due to tradeを論じ、長崎新令（ながさき・しんれい）Nagasaki Shinreiに生かされた『本朝宝貨通用事略（ほんちょう・ほうか・つうよう・じりゃく）Honcho Treasure Currency Policy』、

In addition, the book ``Honcho Treasure Currency Policy,'' which discussed the circumstances of gold and silver production and the outflow and damage of treasure coins overseas due to trade, was utilized in the Nagasaki new ordinance.

シドッチGiovanni Battista Sidotti

イタリア人宣教師the Italian missionaryシドッチGiovanni Battista Sidottiを訊問し、ヨーロッパの宗教・道徳European religion and moralityの価値を否定しながらも、知識・技術の優秀性the superiority of knowledge and technologyを認め江戸後期in the late Edo periodの洋学発展the development of Western studiesに寄与した『西洋紀聞（せいよう・きぶん）Seiyō Kibun』・『采覧異言（さいらん・いげん）Sairan Igen』、

``Seiyo Kibun'', which interrogated the Italian missionary Sidocci and denied the value of European religion and morality, but recognized the superiority of knowledge and technology and contributed to the development of Western studies in the late Edo period. “Sairan Igen”

蝦夷地・琉球についての地誌Geography『蝦夷志（えぞし）Ezoshi』・『琉球国事略（りゅうきゅうこく・じりゃく）Ryukyu Kokujiryaku』・『南島志（なんとうし）Nantoshi』、

Geography of Ezo and Ryukyu: ``Ezoshi'', ``Ryukyu Kokujiryaku'', ``Minamidoshi'',

言語学方面In the field of linguisticsで語源の変遷the evolution of etymologyの考証historical studiesや神代文学literature from the ancient times of the godsなどにおよぶ『東雅（とうが）Toga』・『東音譜（とうおんふ）Toonfu』・『同文通考（どうぶん・つうこう）Dobun Tsuko』、

In the field of linguistics, his works include ``Toga'', ``Toonfu'', and ``Dobun Tsuko'', which cover historical studies of the evolution of etymology and literature from the ancient times of the gods.

折たく柴の記（おりたく・しば・の・き）Oritaku Shiba no Ki

自叙伝autobiographyの『折たく柴の記（おりたく・しば・の・き）Oritaku Shiba no Ki』や公的生活面の日記diaries about his public life『新井白石日記（あらい・はくせき・にっき）Arai Hakuseki Diary』・『白石建議（はくせき・けんぎ）Hakuseki Kengi』など多数にのぼる。

He has written many books, including his autobiography ``Oritaku Shiba no Ki'' and diaries about his public life, ``Arai Shiraishi Diary'' and ``Shiraishi Kenji.''

閑谷学校（しずたに・がっこう）Shizutani School

諸藩の好学

Good learning of various domains

元禄前後Around the Genroku period、諸藩domainsでも文治政治（ぶんち・せいじ）Civilized Politicsを採用し、新田開発developing new rice fieldsや殖産興業promoting industryなどを行って藩政の改革reformed the feudal governmentに当たった名君many famous feudal lordsが各地に輩出した。

Around the Genroku period, many feudal clans adopted the Bunji government, and many famous feudal lords were born in various regions who reformed the feudal government by developing new rice fields and promoting industry.

保科正之（ほしな・まさゆき）Hoshina Masayuki（1611～1672）

山崎闇斎（やまざき・あんさい）Yamazaki Ansai

吉川惟足（よしかわ・これたり）Yoshikawa Koretari

保科正之（ほしな・まさゆき）Hoshina Masayuki

会津藩（あいづはん）Aizu Domain（福島県（ふくしまけん）Fukushima Prefecture）藩主（はんしゅ）the Lord of the Domain。

藩政the administration of the domainにおいて朱子学者the Neo-Confucianist・山崎闇斎（やまざき・あんさい）Yamazaki Ansaiや神道the Shintoistの吉川惟足（よしかわ・これたり）Yoshikawa Koretariを招き、領内の教化educate the territoryをはかる一方、備荒施設の充実improve the facilities for roughing upや殖産興業政策the policy of promoting industryの推進に尽力した。

During the administration of the domain, he invited the Neo-Confucianist Ansai Yamazaki and the Shintoist Koretari Yoshikawa, and while trying to educate the territory, he also worked to improve the facilities for roughing up and promote the policy of promoting industry.

徳川光圀（とくがわ・みつくに）Tokugawa Mitsukuni（1628～1700）

朱舜水（しゅ・しゅんすい）Zhu Zhiyu

徳川光圀Tokugawa Mitsukuni

水戸藩（みとはん）Mito Domain（茨城県（いばらきけん）Ibaraki Prefecture）藩主（はんしゅ）the Lord of the Domain。

朱子学的名分論Neo-Confucian theory of namesに基づく『大日本史（だいにほんし）Dai Nihonshi』の編纂のため、江戸Edo小石川（こいしかわ）Koishikawaの藩邸the domain's residenceに彰考館（しょうこうかん）Shōkōkanを設立し、明（みん）the Ming dynastyから朱子学者the Neo-Confucian scholar・朱舜水（しゅしゅんすい）Zhu Zhiyuを招いて師事するとともに、国内の朱子学者the Neo-Confucian scholarsを集めて藩士の教育educate feudal retainersに努め、水戸学（みとがく）Mitogakuの基礎を築いた。

In order to compile "Dainihonshi" based on Neo-Confucian theory of names, Shokokan was established in the domain's residence in Koishikawa, Edo, and the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Shunsui was invited. At the same time, he gathered the Neo-Confucian scholars in Japan and worked to educate feudal retainers, laying the foundation for Mitogaku.

池田光政（いけだ・みつまさ）Ikeda Mitsumasa（1609～1682）

熊沢蕃山（くまざわ・ばんざん）Kumazawa Banzan

池田光政（いけだ・みつまさ）Ikeda Mitsumasa

岡山藩（おかやまはん）Okayama Domain（岡山県（おかやまけん）Okayama Prefecture）藩主（はんしゅ）the Lord of the Domain。

陽明学者（ようめい・がくしゃ）the Yomei scholar・熊沢蕃山（くまざわ・ばんざん）Kumazawa Banzanを招いて藩政the domain's administrationに当たらせた。

He invited the Yomei scholar Kumazawa Banzan (Kumazawa Banzan) to take charge of the domain's administration.

花畠教場（はなばたけ・きょうじょう）Hanabatake Kyojo

また、わが国最初の藩学（はんがく）Han school・花畠教場（はなばたけ・きょうじょう）Hanabatake Kyojo（花畠学舎（はなばたけ・がくしゃ）Hanabatake Gakusha）を設立して藩士の教育educate domain retainersに努め、いっぽう閑谷学校（しずたに・がっこう）など郷学（ごうがく）Gogaku 124校を置いて領民の教化educate the people of the domainに力を注いだ。

He also established Hanabatake Kyojo (Hanabatake Gakusha), the first domain study in Japan, to educate domain retainers, while 124 local schools, including Shizutani School, were established to educate the people of the domain. I put a lot of effort into it.

前田綱紀（まえだ・つなのり）Maeda Tsunanori

稲生若水（いのう・じゃくすい）Inō Jakusui（1655～1715）

前田綱紀（まえだ・つなのり）Maeda Tsunanori

加賀藩（かがはん）Kaga Domain（石川県（いしかわけん）Ishikawa Prefecture）藩主（はんしゅ）the Lord of the Domain。

学問を好みloved academics、古書の収集や出版collected and published old booksを行う一方、産業の開発develop industryに尽力した。

He loved academics, collected and published old books, and worked hard to develop industry.

また、本草学者the herbalist・稲生若水（いのう・じゃくすい）Inō Jakusui（1655～1715）を登用した。

He also appointed the herbalist Inou Jakusui (1655-1715).

閑谷学校（しずたに・がっこう）Shizutani School

閑谷学校（しずたに・がっこう）Shizutani School

備前（びぜん）Bizen Province岡山藩（おかやまはん）Okayama Domain（岡山県（おかやまけん）Okayama Prefecture）藩主（はんしゅ）the Lord of the Domain・池田光政（いけだみつまさ）Ikeda Mitsumasa（1609～1682）は、1641年（寛永18年）、花畠教場（はなばたけ・きょうじょう）Hanabatake Kyojo（花畠学舎（はなばたけ・がくしゃ）Hanabatake Gakusha）を設置し藩学（はんがく）Han schoolとした。

Mitsumasa Ikeda (1609-1682), the lord of the Bizen Okayama domain, established Hanabatake Kyojo (Hanabatake Gakusha) in 1641 (Kanei 18) and began studying the domain. ngaku).

さらに1668年、領内各所in various parts of the territoryに手習所（てならいどころ）training schoolsを設けて郷学（ごうがく）Gogakuとして庶民教育the education of the common peopleの機関institutionsとした。

Furthermore, in 1668, Tenarai (training schools) were established in various parts of the territory and became institutions for the education of the common people.

これが閑谷学校（しずたに・がっこう）Shizutani Schoolの始まりである。

This was the beginning of Shizutani School (Shizutani School).

やがて規模を拡張し、学房study room・講堂lecture hall・聖廟sacred mausoleum・文庫libraryを設けて藩学（はんがく）Han schoolをしのぐ有様であった。

Eventually, the scale was expanded, and a study room, a lecture hall, a sacred mausoleum, and a library were established, surpassing the Hangaku.

武士や庶民の子弟the children of samurai and commonersの入学enter the schoolを許可し、漢学（かんがく）Kangakuの教養educateをつけるのに、孝経（こうきょう）Classic of Filial Piety・小学（しょうがく）elementary school・四書（ししょ）Four Books・五経（ごきょう）Five Classicsを教科書textbooksとした。

The school allowed the children of samurai and commoners to enter the school, and used the filial piety, elementary school, four books, and five classics as textbooks to educate them in Chinese studies.

藩学（はんがく）Han schoolの花畠教場（はなばたけ・きょうじょう）Hanabatake Kyojo（花畠学舎（はなばたけ・がくしゃ）Hanabatake Gakusha）が旧学問所の伝統the traditions of the old schoolに制約constrainedされたのに対し、郷学（ごうがく）Gogakuは池田光政（いけだ・みつまさ）Ikeda Mitsumasaの好学（こうがく）の理想ideals of good studiesを反映reflectedして、単なる手習所（てならいどころ）training schoolsの域を超えるものがあった。

While Hanabatake Kyojo (Hanabatake Gakusha), a school of domain studies, was constrained by the traditions of the old school, Gogaku reflected Mitsumasa Ikeda's ideals of good studies. However, there was something more than just a training school.