世界史 24 World history 24
春秋戦国時代
Spring and Autumn Warring States period
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
P-40ウォーホーク Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
P-40ウォーホーク Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
P-40ウォーホーク Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
P-40ウォーホーク Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
P-40ウォーホーク Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and
Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
桓公(かん・こう) Duke Huan
第2章 Chapter
2
古代文明の成立
Establishment of ancient civilization
第6節 Section Six
中国古典文明と古代帝国
Chinese Classical Civilization and
Ancient Empire
3 春秋戦国時代
Spring and Autumn Warring States period
春秋時代Spring and Autumn Period
(前770年770 BC~前403年403 BC)
周王朝(しゅう・おうちょう)Zhou
Dynastyは東遷(とうせん)moved to the
east以後その権威authorityは衰えていたdeclinedがまだ洛邑(らくゆう)Luoyi付近を領土territoryとして保ち、諸侯(しょこう)the lordsも初めは周室(しゅう・しつ)the
Zhou familyを尊ぶrespect風を失わなかったので、斉(せい)(チー)Qiの桓公(かん・こう)Duke Huanを中心に同盟allianceを結んで(会盟(かいめい)huìméng)周室(しゅう・しつ)the Zhou familyを擁護protectし、異民族foreignersの侵入invadingを防いだprevent(尊王攘夷(そんのう・じょうい)zūnwángrǎngyí, Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians)。
Although the Zhou dynasty's authority
declined after it moved to the east, it still retained the area around Rakuyu
as its territory, and since the lords did not lose their respect for the Zhou
family at first, they appointed Duke Huan of Qi. They formed an alliance with
the central government to protect the Zhoushitsu and prevent foreigners from
invading (Sonno Joi).
この同盟allianceを率いた有力諸侯influential lordsを覇者(はしゃ)bàzhě, hegemonsという。
The influential lords who led this alliance
were called Hasha.
管仲(かん・ちゅう) Guan Zhong
文公(ぶん・こう) Duke Wen
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and
Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
初め斉(せい)(チー)Qiの桓公(かん・こう)Duke Huanが名臣管仲(かん・ちゅう)Guan Zhongの政策policyを用いて覇者(はしゃ)hegemonとなり、次いで晋(しん)(ジン)Jinの文公(ぶん・こう)Duke Wenが、やがて南方in the southの揚子江(ようす・こう)(ヤンツィー・チアン)the Yangtze River(長江(ちょう・こう)(チャン・チアン)Cháng Jiāng, long river)中流the middle reachesに楚(そ)(チュー)Chuの荘王(そう・おう)King Zhuangが、更に下流further downstreamに呉(ご)(ウー)王Wu Wang夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chai・越(えつ)(ユー)王Yue
Wang勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianが興って覇者(はしゃ)hegemonsとなり、激しい戦いfierce battlesを繰り返した。
First, Duke Huan of Qi became the hegemon by
using the policy of vassal kanzhong, followed by Duke Wen of Jin, who
eventually became King Zhuang of Chu in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River
in the south. Wu Wang Fusa and Yue Wang Kosen arose further downstream and
became the hegemons, repeatedly fighting fierce battles.
これを春秋の五覇(しゅんじゅう・の・ごは)The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Periodという。
This is called the Goha of Spring and
Autumn.
孔子(こうし) Confucius
補足supplementary
explanation
春秋と戦国Spring
and Autumn and Warring States
春秋時代(しゅんじゅう・じだい)Spring
and Autumn Periodは孔子(こうし)Confuciusが筆を加えたと伝えられる魯(ろ)(ルー)Luの国史national
history 『春秋(しゅんじゅう)Spring and Autumn Annals』 によって名付けられ、戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)Warring States Periodはこの時代this periodの策士strategistsや勇士warriorsの活躍activitiesを記した書物the book 『戦国策(せんごく・さく)Zhan
Guo Ce』 によって名付けられた。
The Spring and Autumn period was named after
the "Shunju", a national history of Lu, which is said to have been
written by Confucius, and the Sengoku period was named after the book
"Sengokusaku", which describes the activities of the strategists and
warriors of this period.
楚(そ)(チュー)の荘王(そう・おう) King Zhuang of Chu
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and
Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
補足supplementary
explanation
楚の荘王(そう・おう) King Zhuang of Chu
楚(そ)(チュー)Chuは中原(ちゅうげん)Zhongyuan,
the Central Plainsの諸国と風俗customs言語languagesを異にする南方民族southern
peoplesの国countryで、周王朝(しゅう・おうちょう)the Zhou dynastyの権威authorityを認めず独立independenceの気概strong spiritが強かった。
Chu was a country of southern peoples whose
customs and languages differed from those of the Central Plains, and it did not
recognize the authority of the Zhou dynasty and had a strong spirit of
independence.
荘王(そう・おう)King Zhuangと称したのもそのためである。
That is the reason why he was called Souou.
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu
呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
春秋の五覇 The Five Overlord States of the Spring and
Autumn Period
Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and
Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi 晋(しん)(ジン)Jin 楚(そ)(チュー)Chu 呉(ご)(ウー)Wu 越(えつ)(ユー)Yue
夫差(ふ・さ) Fu Chai
勾践(こう・せん) Gou Jian
補足supplementary
explanation
呉(ウー)越(ユー)の戦いBattle of Wuyue
呉(ウー)越(ユー)戦争War between Wu and Yue
春秋末期the end of
spring and autumn、呉(ご)(ウー)王Wu Wang夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiは父(闔閭(こう・りょ)Helü of Wu)の仇his father's enemyと越(えつ)(ユー)王Yue Wang勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianを会稽山(かいけいざん)Mount
Xiangluで降伏surrenderさせたが、のち越(えつ)(ユー)Yueの反撃counterattackedを受けて破れdestroyed、滅んだperished(前473年473 BC)。
At the end of spring and autumn, Wu Wang
Fusa forced his father's enemy and Yue Wang Kousen to surrender at Mount Kaiji,
but was later counterattacked by Yue. destroyed and perished (473 BC).
臥薪嘗胆(がしん・しょうたん) Lying
on the firewood and Licking the gallbladder
闔閭(こう・りょ) Helü
of Wu
補足supplementary
explanation
臥薪嘗胆(がしん・しょうたん)
Lying on the firewood and Licking the
gallbladder
紀元前6世紀末the end of the 6th century B.C.、呉王(ご)(ウー)Wu Wang闔閭(こう・りょ)Helü of Wuは先年攻撃を受けた復讐として越(えつ)(ユー)Yueに侵攻したが敗れて自らも負傷し、まもなくその傷がもとで病死した。
At the end of the 6th century B.C., King
Qian of Wu invaded Yue in revenge for the previous attack, but was defeated and
injured himself. He soon died from his wounds.
夫差(ふ・さ) Fu Chai
闔閭(こう・りょ)Helü of Wuは後継者の夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiに「必ず仇を取るように」と言い残し、夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiは「三年以内に必ず」と答えた。
Kamen left a message to his successor
husband, ``Be sure to take vengeance,'' and Hussa replied, ``Be sure within
three years.''
夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiはその言葉通り国の軍備を充実させ、自らは薪(たきぎ)firewoodの上に臥(ふ)すことの痛みでその屈辱humiliationを思い出した(臥薪(が・しん)lying on the
firewood)。
As he said, Husa improved the military
preparations of the country, and he himself remembered the humiliation with the
pain of lying on the firewood.
勾践(こう・せん) Gou Jian
まもなく夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiは越(えつ)(ユー)Yueに攻め込み、越王(えつ)(ユー)Yue
Wang勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianの軍を破った。
Soon after, Huchai invaded Yue and defeated
Yue Wang Gosen's army.
勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianは部下の進言に従って降伏した。
Gohan surrendered according to the advice of
his subordinates.
勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianは夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiの馬小屋の番人にされるなど苦労を重ねたが、許されて越(えつ)(ユー)Yueに帰国した後も民衆と共に富国強兵(ふこくきょうへい)enrich the country and strengthen the armyに励み、その一方で苦い胆(きも)gallbladderを嘗(な)めることで屈辱humiliationを忘れないようにした(嘗胆(しょう・たん)licking
the gallbladder)。
Gosen went through many hardships, such as
being made the keeper of the stables of his husband, but even after he was
forgiven and returned to Vietnam, he worked hard with the people to enrich the
country and strengthen the army, while at the same time suffering from bitter
feelings. I tried not to forget the humiliation by licking the bitter
gallbladder.
伍子胥(ご・ししょ) Wu
Zixu
その間、強大化したことに奢った呉(ご)(ウー)王Wu Wang夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiは覇者(はしゃ)hegemonsを目指して各国に盛んに兵を送り込むなどして国力を疲弊させた上、先代の闔閭(こう・りょ)Helü
of Wu以来尽くしてきた重臣の伍子胥(ご・ししょ)Wu
Zixuを処刑するなどした。
During that time, Prince Wu, who was
satisfied with his growing power, actively sent troops to various countries
aiming for hegemony, exhausted the national power, and executed Wu Zixu, a
senior vassal who had served since his predecessor's imprisonment.
ついに呉(ご)(ウー)Wuに敗れて20年後、越(えつ)(ユー)王Yue Wang勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianは満を持して呉(ご)(ウー)Wuに攻め込み、夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiの軍を大破した。
Finally, 20 years after being defeated by
Wu, the Emperor of Yue took the time to invade Wu and wrecked Huzashi's army.
夫差(ふ・さ)Fu Chaiは降伏しようとしたが、条件とした王への復帰を勾践(こう・せん)Gou Jianが認めなかったために自殺した。
Husa tried to surrender, but he committed
suicide because he did not accept the condition that he would return to the
throne.
呉越同舟(ごえつ・どうしゅう) Wu and
Yue on the same boat
補足supplementary
explanation
呉越同舟(ごえつ・どうしゅう) Wu and Yue on the same
boat
春秋時代(しゅんじゅう・じだい)Spring and Autumn period、呉(ご)(ウー)Wuと越(えつ)(ユー)Yueの国は戦争を繰り返すほど仲が悪ったが、もしも両国の人が同じ舟に乗り合わせていた時、暴風に襲われ舟が転覆しそうになれば、呉(ご)(ウー)Wuの人も越(えつ)(ユー)Yueの人も普段の遺恨を忘れ、舟が沈まないよう互いに助け合ったに違いない。
During the Spring and Autumn period, the Wu
and Yue countries were on bad terms, to the point of repeated wars. If people
from both countries were on the same boat, and the boat was about to capsize in
a storm, The people must have forgotten their usual grudges and helped each
other to keep the boat from sinking.
敵同士であっても、同じ目的や共通の困難のために協力することを「呉越同舟(ごえつ・どうしゅう)Wu and Yue on the same boat」と言うようになった。
Even if they are enemies, they came to say
that they cooperated for the same purpose and common difficulties as ``Goetsu
doshu''.
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
戦国時代Warring
States Period
(前403年403 BC~前221年221 BC)
戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)Warring States Periodになると周(しゅう)(ジョウ)王室Zhou royal
familyはまったく無視ignoredされ、周(しゅう)(ジョウ)Zhouは単なる一諸侯a mere feudal
lordの位置を保つにすぎなくなった。
During the Warring States period, the Zhou
royal family was completely ignored, and the Zhou maintained its status as a
mere feudal lord.
有力諸侯influential
lordsは自ら王kingsを称し、激しい弱肉強食(じゃくにく・きょうしょく)の戦いbattles between the weak and the strongを繰り返した(下剋上(げこくじょう)retainer
supplanting his lord)。
The influential lords called themselves
kings and repeated fierce battles between the weak and the strong (Gekokujo).
その結果、周(しゅう)(ジョウ)初early Zhou Dynastyには800余、春秋初期early Spring and Autumn Periodに140余あった諸侯(しょこう)feudal lordsの国statesは、次第に整理統合consolidated intoされて、戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)Warring
States periodには斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhaoの七国対立seven nations confrontationの形勢situationとなった。
As a result, over 800 feudal lords in the
early Zhou Dynasty and over 140 in the early Spring and Autumn Period were
gradually consolidated into Qi, Chu, Qin, and Yan during the Warring States
period. ), Han, Wei, and Zhao.
これら七国seven countriesを、戦国の七雄(せんごく・の・しちゆう)the Seven
Kings of the Warring Statesという。
These seven countries are known as the Seven
Kings of the Warring States.
秦の統一 Unification
of China by the Qin Dynasty
秦の統一 Unification
of China by the Qin Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
やがて陝西(せんせい)Shaanxi(シャンシー省Shaanxi Province)に興った秦(しん)(チン)Qinが強大powerfulとなり、他の六国the other six kingdomsは蘇秦(そ・しん)Su Qinの合従策(がっしょう・さく)Hezong(Vertical Alliance system)によって対抗opposedしたが、秦(しん)(チン)Qinは張儀(ちょう・ぎ)Zhang
Yiの連衡策(れんこう・さく)Lianheng(Horizontal
Alliance system)によってこれを破ったdefeated。
Before long, Qin, which arose in Shaanxi
(Shaanxi Province), became powerful, and the other six kingdoms were opposed by
Su Qin's coalition strategy, but Qin was Zhang Yi. This was defeated by the
joint measures of (Chogi).
前256年256 B.C.秦(しん)(チン)Qinは周(しゅう)(ジョウ)Zhouを滅ぼしdestroyed、次いで他の六国six other
kingdomsを次々に滅ぼして、前221年221 B.C.に天下を統一unified the worldした。
In 256 B.C., Qin destroyed Zhou, followed by
six other kingdoms, and unified the world in 221 B.C.
合従策(がっしょう・さく)と連衡策(れんこう・さく) Hezong and Lianheng
秦の統一 Unification
of China by the Qin Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
蘇秦(そ・しん) Su Qin
補足supplementary explanation
合従策(がっしょう・さく)と連衡策(れんこう・さく)
Hezong and Lianheng
従(しょう)Shoは縦verticalで南北north and southをいい、衡(こう)Koは横horizontalで東西east and westをいう。
Sho is vertical and refers to north and
south, and Ko is horizontal and refers to east and west.
蘇秦(そ・しん)Su Qinは南北に連なる6国Six
countries in the north-south direction(燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・斉(せい)(チー)Qi・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu)を連合combinedして西方in the westの秦(しん)(チン)Qinに当たる策plan to
attackを立てた。
Su Qin united 6 countries (Yan, Qi, Zhao,
Han, Wei, and Chu) from north to south to form Qin in the west. ) was taken.
これを合従策(がっしょう・さく)Hezong(Vertical Alliance system)という。
張儀(ちょう・ぎ) Zhang
Yi
この策planは間もなく破れfell apart、のち張儀(ちょう・ぎ)Zhang Yiが西in the westの秦(しん)(チン)Qinと東の各国each country in the eastとの間にそれぞれ横の連合horizontal coalitionを策plottedした。
This plan soon fell apart, and later Zhang
Yi plotted a horizontal coalition between Qin in the west and each country in
the east.
これを連衡策(れんこう・さく)Lianheng(Horizontal Alliance system)という。
東方諸国eastern
countriesの方針policiesが一定stableしないため、秦(しん)(チン)Qinに乗じられて併合annexedされた。
Because the policies of the eastern
countries were not stable, they were annexed by Qin.
覇者(はしゃ) bàzhě,
hegemons
諸侯(しょこう)feudal lords
覇者(はしゃ) bàzhě,
hegemons
諸侯(しょこう)feudal lords
春秋戦国時代の社会
Society in the Spring and Autumn Warring
States period
春秋戦国時代(しゅんじゅう・せんごく・じだい)の約550年間はThe 550 years of the
Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods、社会・経済social and economicの面で大きな転換期major transitionsであり、次の秦(しん)(チン)・漢(かん)(ハン)帝国the Qin and Han empiresの隆盛next prosperityを準備preparing forした時代periodである。
The 550 years of the
Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods were a period of major social
and economic transitions, preparing for the next prosperity of the Qin and Han
empires.
諸侯(しょこう)the lords間の激しい争乱violent conflictsを通じて、各諸侯each lordは富国強兵(ふこく・きょうへい)enrich
the country and strengthen the militaryに努めたので、生産productionは高まりincreased、商工業commerce and industryも発達developmentした。
Through violent conflicts among the lords,
each lord made efforts to enrich the country and strengthen the military, which
led to increased production and the development of commerce and industry.
青銅器(せいどうき) Bronze
ことに農業agricultureでは、鉄製農具iron farming toolsが利用されるようになり、治水flood control・灌漑事業irrigation projectsも発達developedして、農業生産力agricultural productivityが急速に高まったincreased rapidly。
Especially in agriculture, iron farming
tools came to be used, flood control and irrigation projects developed, and
agricultural productivity increased rapidly.
鉄製農具 iron farming tools
製鉄技術iron-manufacturing
technologyは、銅を鋳造する技術copper-casting technologyと同じく西方the westから伝わったらしく、戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)the Warring States periodには鉄製農具iron farming
toolsが一般に普及し、鉄製の犂(すき)iron plowを牛に引かせるpulled by
oxen耕作法farming method(牛耕cow plowing)も生まれた。
It seems that iron-manufacturing technology
came from the west, as did copper-casting technology. During the Sengoku
period, iron farming tools became common, and a farming method in which an iron
plow was pulled by oxen (cow plowing) was born.
春秋戦国時代(しゅんじゅう・せんごく・じだい)the Spring
and Autumn and Warring States Periodsをへて秦(しん)(チン)the Qin dynastyの国家統一the unificationに至る発展developmentには、この生産力の増大increase in productivityが基礎basisとなっている。
This increase in productivity was the basis
for development from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods to the
unification of the Qin dynasty.
手工業Handicraftsの発達も目ざましく、ことに製鉄manufacture
of ironと製塩manufacture
of saltで巨利huge profitsを博する商工業者merchantsが現れた。
Handicrafts also developed remarkably, and
in particular, there appeared merchants who made huge profits in the
manufacture of iron and salt.
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
また、諸侯国each of the lordsがそれぞれ富国策(ふこくさく)policy of prosperityをとったため、商工業commerce and industryも従来の束縛traditional restrictionsを脱して活発となり、斉(せい)(チー)Qiの臨淄(りんし)(リンズー)Linzi、趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhaoの邯鄲(かんたん)(ハンダン)Handan、魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Weiの大梁(だいりょう)(ダァーリィァン)Daliang(開封(かいほう)(カイフォン)Kaifeng)などの諸侯(しょこう)feudal lordsの住む都市Citiesは経済の中心economic centersとして繁栄prosperedした。
In addition, as each of the lords adopted a
policy of prosperity, commerce and industry became active free from the
traditional restrictions, and Qi's Rinshi, Zhao's Handan, and Wei's Dalian.
Cities where feudal lords lived, such as Dairyo (Kaifeng), prospered as
economic centers.
青銅貨幣(せいどう・かへい) bronze
coins
経済economyの発達developmentによって、貝貨(ばいか)shell coinsに代わり刀(とう)swords・布(ふ)cloth・環銭(かんせん)ring coins(円銭round coins)・蟻鼻銭(ぎびせん)(銅貝(どうばい)bronze
shell)などの青銅貨幣(せいどう・かへい)bronze coinsが流通するようになり、王侯a princeにも劣らない富wealthをもつ大商人large merchantが現れた。
With the development of the economy, bronze
coins such as swords, cloth, kansen (yen coins), and gibisen (bronze shell)
replaced shell coins. As a result, a large merchant with wealth comparable to
that of a prince appeared.
鉄製農具 iron farming tools
周王室(しゅう・おうしつ)Zhou royal familyの衰微declineに伴ってその封建制度(ほうけん・せいど)Fengjian systemが崩れcollapsed、諸侯国(しょこうこく)feudal lordsにおいて郡県制(ぐん・けん・せい)county-prefecture
systemによる政治組織political
organizationが次第に育った。
With the decline of the Zhou royal family,
the feudal system collapsed, and the political organization based on the
county-prefecture system gradually grew in the feudal lords.
諸侯(しょこう)feudal lordsは、付近の小国small neighboring countriesを滅ぼしdestroyedたり、水利灌漑工事irrigation worksにより未墾地uncultivated landを開墾clearedしたさい、これらの土地these landsを直轄地under their direct controlとして支配governするため役人officialsを派遣dispatchedして治めた。
When the feudal lords destroyed small
neighboring countries or cleared uncultivated land for irrigation works, they
dispatched officials to govern these lands under their direct control.
このような行政単位administrative unitsを県(けん)prefecturesと呼び、いくつかの県(けん)prefecturesを集めて上級の行政区画higher administrative divisionsを作り、それを郡(ぐん)countiesと呼んだ。
Such administrative units were called
prefectures, and several prefectures were grouped together to form higher
administrative divisions, which were called counties.
こうして、従来traditionalの都邑(とゆう)Dūyì中心の国家city-centered
stateは、次第に領域国家territorial
stateへと形を変えていった。
In this way, the traditional city-centered
state gradually changed its form into a territorial state.
またこの時代には、官職government postsや身分social statusを世襲hereditaryした周(しゅう)代the Zhou Dynasty以来の制度systemや秩序orderが崩れcollapsed、個人の実力individual abilityを重視emphasizingする風潮trendが盛んとなった。
In addition, during this period, the system
and order that had existed since the Zhou Dynasty, in which government posts
and social status were hereditary, collapsed, and the trend of emphasizing
individual ability flourished.
従来traditionalの村落共同体village
communitiesによる共同耕作communal farmingは、農業生産力agricultural productivityの発展developmentにより家族単位での農耕family-based farmingに代わった。
The traditional communal farming by village
communities has been replaced by family-based farming due to the development of
agricultural productivity.
こうして、家父長制家族patriarchal familiesによる農家farmersが自立independentし、村落共同体village communitiesが崩れるcollapsedと、土地私有private ownership of landの傾向trendが強くなり、貧富の差disparity between the rich and the poorが生まれ、土地the landは次第に商人the hands of
merchantsなどに集中concentratedされて大土地所有者large
landownersが出現emergenceした。
In this way, when farmers with patriarchal
families became independent and village communities collapsed, the trend toward
private ownership of land became stronger, creating a disparity between the
rich and the poor, and the land was gradually concentrated in the hands of
merchants, leading to the emergence of large landowners.
一方、土地を失ったlost their land農民farmersは小作民sharecroppersとなり、なかには流民exileや債務奴隷debt slaveryに陥るbecameものもあった。
On the other hand, farmers who lost their
land became sharecroppers, some of whom fell into exile or debt slavery.
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
中国思想の発展
Development of Chinese Thought
春秋戦国時代(しゅんじゅう・せんごく・じだい)the Spring
and Autumn and Warring States periodsには各国countriesが富国強兵(ふこく・きょうへい)promote wealth and military strengthを競ってcompeted才能ある者talented
individualsを登用recruitしようとし、また古い身分制度old class systemが崩れcollapsed庶民階級commoner
classにも立身出世succeed in
lifeの機会opportunityが与えられた。
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring
States periods, countries competed to promote wealth and military strength, and
recruit talented individuals.
In addition, the old class system collapsed,
and the commoner class was given the opportunity to succeed in life.
この二つの理由から、人々the peopleは学問に励みthrived in learning、さまざまな思想家various thinkersや策士strategistsたちが現れ、互いに論戦arguingし、自分の意見を採用adopt their viewsしてくれる君主a rulerを求めて各地various placesを遊説making campaignsした。
For these two reasons the people thrived in
learning, and various thinkers and strategists appeared, arguing with each
other and making campaigns in various places seeking a ruler who would adopt
their views.
また、彼らを保護protectし育成nurtureする君主a monarchも現れた。
Also, a monarch appeared to protect and
nurture them.
こうして諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか)zhūzǐ bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thoughtと呼ばれる思想家たちa group of
thinkersが現れemerged、中国思想Chinese
thoughtの黄金時代the golden
ageを迎えた。
In this way, a group of thinkers called
Shoshihyakka emerged, ushering in the golden age of Chinese thought.
孔子(こうし) Confucius
儒家(じゅか) Confucianism
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか)Hundred Schools of
Thoughtのうち最も早くから現れたのは孔子(こうし)Confucius(前551年ごろ~前479年ごろ)に始まる儒家(じゅか)Confucianismで、その教義doctrineを儒教(じゅきょう)Confucianismという。
Confucianism, which began with Confucius,
was the earliest to emerge among the 100 families of all children, and its
doctrine is called Confucianism.
儒教(じゅきょう) Confucianism
春秋(しゅんじゅう)末期the late Spring and Autumn periodに出た孔子(こうし)Confuciusは、親parentsに対する「孝(こう)filial piety」と兄older brothersに対する「悌(てい)」という家族道徳family moralityから出発して、「仁(じん)Ren (humaneness) benevolence(人倫愛human ethics)と礼(れい)courtesy(人間の守るべき秩序order that people should follow)に基づいて身を修めcultivating、家を斉(ととの)えるestablishing a familyことによって国を治めgovern the country、天下の平和を実現できるachieve peace in the world」と主張した。
Confucius, who appeared in the late Spring
and Autumn period, started from the family morality of 'filial piety' to
parents and 'tei' to older brothers, and based on 'benevolence (human ethics)
and courtesy (order that people should follow). By cultivating and establishing
a family, one can govern the country and achieve peace in the world."
これは明らかに政治politicsと倫理ethicsとを相関correlatesさせた説theoryである。
This is clearly a theory that correlates
politics and ethics.
孔子(こうし) Confucius
彼は初め魯(ろ)(ルー)Luに使えて政治politicsを改革reformしようとしたが失敗failedし、諸国the countryを遊説したが用いられずnot used魯(ろ)(ルー)Luに帰りreturned to
Lu、古代の記録ancient
recordsをテキストにして弟子の教育educating his
disciplesに専念した。
At first, he was employed by Lu and tried to
reform politics, but failed. He traveled around the country, but was not used
and returned to Lu, where he devoted himself to educating his disciples by
making texts from ancient records.
孔子(こうし)Confuciusの言行his words and
deedsを弟子His disciplesたちが記録recordedしたものが 『論語(ろんご)the Analects』 である。
His disciples recorded his words and deeds
in the Analects.
朋(とも)有り、遠方より来たる、亦(また)楽しからずや
(遠いところから、志を同じくする友人がわざわざ訪ねて来てくれるのは、なんと楽しいことだろう)
How pleasant it is to have a like-minded
friend visit you from afar.
孟子(もうし) Mencius
子思(し・し) Zi si
孔子学派the Confucius
schoolsのうち特に重要なのは、戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)Warring States periodに出た孟子(もうし)Menciusと荀子(じゅんし)Xun Ziである。
Of the Confucius schools, the most important
are Mencius and Xunzi, who emerged during the Warring States period.
孟子(もうし)Mencius(前372年ごろ~前289年ごろ)は孔子(こうし)Confuciusの孫grandsonである子思(し・し)Zi Shiの門人に学びstudied under
a disciple、性善説(せいぜん・せつ)the theory of good natureを唱え、「仁義(じんぎ)Rényì, benevolenceによって社会秩序social orderを守り、徳virtueによって天下を治めるgoverns the world王道政治(おうどう・せいじ)royal politics」を主張した。
Mencius studied under a disciple of
Confucius' grandson, Zi Shi, and advocated the theory of good nature,
advocating ``royal politics that maintains social order through benevolence and
righteousness, and governs the world through virtue.''
荀子(じゅん・し) Xun Zi (前298年?~前235年?)
これに対し、戦国(せんごく)末期the end of the Warring States periodに出た荀子(じゅん・し)Xun Zi(前298年?~前235年?)は性悪説(せいあく・せつ)the theory of Evil Natureを説き、「人の性people's natureは悪evilであるから礼儀(れいぎ)courtesy(社会秩序social order)によって人々を善に導くlead people to goodnessべきである」と主張し、覇者(はしゃ)の支配the rule of
the hegemonic(覇道政治(はどう・せいじ)hegemonic politics)を認めた。
In response to this, Junshi, who appeared at
the end of the Sengoku period, preached the theory of sexual evil, arguing that
``people's sexuality is evil, so we should lead people to goodness through
courtesy (social order).'' He recognized the rule of the hegemonic (hegemonic
politics).
これは後の法家(ほうか)Legalismの説theoriesに大きな影響great influenceを与えた。
This had a great influence on later legal
theories.
孔子(こうし) Confucius
補足supplementary
explanation
古代の記録ancient
records
四書五経(ししょ・ごきょう)Four Books and Five
Classics
孔子(こうし)Confuciusが弟子たちを教えるteach
his disciplesときに用いた古代の記録ancient recordsは、その後整理compiled intoされて中国最高の古典the finest Chinese classicsとなった。
The ancient records that Confucius used to
teach his disciples have since been compiled into the finest Chinese classics.
『易経(えききょう)Classic of Changes』・『詩経(しきょう)Classic of Poetry』・『書経(しょきょう)Classic of History』・『礼記(らいき)Classic of Rites』・『春秋(しゅんじゅう)Spring and Autumn Annals』の五つで、これを五経(ごきょう)Five Classicsという。
The five classics, "Ekikyo,"
"Shikyo," "Books," "Raiki," and
"Shunju," are called the Five Classics.
なお礼(らい)の書物books on etiquetteには、ほかに『儀礼(ぎらい)Classic of Etiquette and Ceremonial』と『周礼(しゅらい)Rites of Zhou』があり、『春秋(しゅんじゅう)Spring and Autumn Annals』には、『公羊伝(くようでん)Gongyang
Zhuan』・『穀梁伝(こくりょうでん)Guliang
Zhuan』・『左氏伝(さしでん)Zuo
Zhuan』の三つの注釈書three
commentariesがある。
In addition, there are other books on
etiquette, such as "Girei" and "Shurei". Annotated.
墨子(ぼく・し) Mo Zi
墨家(ぼっか) Mohism
孔子(こうし)Confuciusより少し遅れて現れた墨子(ぼく・し)Mo Ziは、初め儒家(じゅか)Confucianismに学んだが、儒家(じゅか)Confucianismの説く仁(じん)benevolenceは差別的な愛discriminatory love(別愛separate love)であると否定して、平等無差別な博愛主義(はくあい・しゅぎ)equal and indiscriminate philanthropy(兼愛(けんあい))を説き、貴族aristocrats中心の身分制度class systemを否定して賢者の登用promotion of
sagesを説き、侵略戦争wars of
aggression反対や勤労節約saving laborを主張して、庶民common peopleを中心に一時大いに流行した。
Mozi, who appeared a little later than
Confucius, first studied under Confucianism, but denied that Confucianism
preached benevolence as discriminatory love (separate love), and instead
adopted equal and indiscriminate philanthropy (Kenai). He advocated the
promotion of sages by denying the class system centered on aristocrats,
advocating opposition to wars of aggression and saving labor, which became very
popular among the common people for a while.
老子(ろう・し) Lao Zi
荘子(そう・し) Zhuang Zi
道家(どう・か) Taoism
戦国(せんごく)初期the early days of the Warring States periodに現れた老子(ろう・し)Lao Ziは、世の中が乱れるthe chaos of the worldのは、人々が知識knowledgeと欲望greedとを求めすぎるからであると考え、「人々が自我egoを捨てて、無為にしてdo nothing自然の道the way of
natureに従えば、社会societyは平和peacefulとなり、人々peopleも幸福happyになる」と説いた。
Lao Tzu, who appeared in the early days of
the Warring States period, believed that the chaos of the world was caused by
people seeking too much knowledge and greed. and people will be happy."
If people give up their ego, do nothing and
follow the way of nature, the society will be peaceful and the people will be
happy.
この老子(ろう・し)Lao Ziの思想ideaは、やがて荘子(そう・し)Zhuang Ziらによって発展させられ、道家(どうか)Taoismまたは老荘思想(ろうそう・しそう)Laozhuang Thoughtと呼ばれる。
This idea of Laozi was eventually developed
by Zhuangzi and others, and is called Taoism or Laozhuang Thought.
道家(どうか)Taoismは、儒家(じゅか)Confucianismと並び後世長く中国思想界the world of Chinese thoughtに影響influenceを及ぼした。
Taoism, along with Confucianism, exerted a
long-lasting influence on the world of Chinese thought.
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
韓非(かん・ぴ) Han Fei
李斯(り・し) Li Si
法家(ほう・か) Legalism
以上の儒家(じゅか)Confucianism・墨家(ぼっか)Mohism・道家(どうか)Taoismの3家the three schoolsの思想philosophiesは、いずれも永遠の真理eternal truthsを含む優れた思想excellent ideasであるが、しかし、現実の混乱した社会the actual chaotic societyを救うにはほとんど無力powerlessであった。
The philosophies of the three schools of
Confucianism, Moism, and Taoism above are all excellent ideas that contain
eternal truths, but they are almost powerless to save the actual chaotic
society.
これに対し、君主の法the laws of the monarchを重んじ、絶対無上の君主権absolute monarchyを肯定する法家(ほうか)Legalismの説は、すこぶる現実的で富国強兵(ふこく・きょうへい)making the country richer and strongerに役立つところから諸国の君主the monarchs of various countriesに用いられた。
On the other hand, the theories of law
scholars who valued the laws of the monarch and affirmed absolute monarchy were
used by the monarchs of various countries because they were extremely realistic
and useful for making the country richer and stronger.
彼らは厳しい法律strict lawsを作り、君主中心monarchistの極端な国家主義政策nationalist policiesを行うことを主張した。
They advocated for strict laws and extreme
monarchist nationalist policies.
秦(しん)(チン) Qinの孝公(こう・こう) Duke Xiao
戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)中ごろthe middle of the Warring States period、商鞅(しょう・おう)Shang
Yangが秦(しん)(チン)Qinの孝公(こう・こう)Duke
Xiaoに仕えて実行し、富国強兵(ふこく・きょうへい)making the country rich and strongに成功したが、更に戦国(せんごく)末期the end of
the Warring States periodには韓非(かん・ぴ)Han Feiが出て大成し、秦(しん)(チン)代during the
Qin dynastyには李斯(り・し)Li Siが始皇帝(しこうてい)Shi Huangdi (the first emperor)の宰相(さいしょう)Chancellorとしてこれを実行した。
In the middle of the Warring States period,
Shang Yu served Duke Xiao of Qin and succeeded in making the country rich and
strong. Furthermore, at the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei came out
and achieved great success, and during the Qin dynasty, Li Si was the prime
minister of the first emperor.
公孫竜(こうそん・りゅう) Gongsun Long
補足supplementary
explanation
その他の学派Other schools
名家(めい・か)School of Names,
Logicians
公孫竜(こうそん・りゅう)Gongsun Longらは、「白馬は馬にあらずa white horse
is not a horse」といった、奇妙な論理(ろんり)strange logicによって人を驚かす詭弁(きべん)学派sophistry groupであるが、論理学(ろんりがく)Logicの発達developmentを助けた。
Kosonryu and others were a sophistry group
that surprised people with strange logic such as ``a white horse is not a
horse,'' but they helped the development of logic.
鄒衍(すう・えん) Zou
Yan
陰陽家(いんよう・か) School of Yin-Yang
鄒衍(すう・えん)Zou Yanらは、天地万物の根本the roots of all things in the universeを陰(いん)Yinと陽(よう)Yangの二元two elementsと考え、更に、木wood・火fire・土earth・金metal・水waterの五元素(五行(ごぎょう)Wuxing)Five Elementsとを結びつけて陰陽五行説(いんよう・ごぎょう・せつ)Yin-Yang Five Elements Theoryを唱えた。
Zou En and others believed that the two
elements of yin and yang are the roots of all things in the universe, and
furthermore, linked the five elements (five elements) of wood, fire, earth,
metal, and water, and advocated the yin and yang gogyo theory.
許行(きょ・こう) Xu
Xing
農家(のう・か) School of Agrarianism
許行(きょ・こう)Xu Xingらは、働く農民の立場standpoint of working farmersから農業の重要性importance of agricultureを説き、当時の農業政策agricultural policiesを批判した。
Xu Xing and others emphasized the importance
of agriculture from the standpoint of working farmers and criticized the
agricultural policies of the time.
呉子(ご・し) Wu zi
孫子(そん・し) Sun Tzu
兵家(へい・か) Strategist
呉子(ご・し)Wu zi・孫子(そん・し)Sun Tzuらは、戦略strategy・戦術tacticsを研究し兵法書books on the laws of warを著した。
Wu Tzu and Sun Tzu studied strategy and
tactics and wrote books on the laws of war.
合従策(がっしょうさく)と連衡策(れんこうさく) Hezong and Lianheng
秦の統一 Unification
of China by the Qin Dynasty
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
蘇秦(そ・しん) Su Qin
張儀(ちょう・ぎ) Zhang
Yi
縦横家(じゅうおう・か)
School of Vertical and
Horizontal Alliances
戦国(せんごく)後半期the latter half of the Warring States periodに強大となった秦(しん)(チン)Qinに対抗して他の六国the other six
countriesが縦vertical(南北north and
south)に同盟allianceを結ぶ政策policy(合従策(がっしょうさく)Hezong)(Vertical Alliance system)を主張した蘇秦(そ・しん)Su Qinや、横horizontally(東西east and west)に秦(しん)(チン)Qinと同盟allianceを結ぶこと(連衡策(れんこうさく)Lianheng)(Horizontal Alliance system)を主張した張儀(ちょう・ぎ)Zhang
Yiらの策士schemerがある。
In the latter half of the Sengoku period, Su
Qin advocated a policy of forming a vertical (north-south) alliance with the
other six countries (joint policy) to oppose Qin, which became more powerful in
the latter half of the Sengoku period, and forming an alliance with Qin
horizontally (east-west) There is a schemer such as Zhang Yi who advocated the
policy).
屈原(くつ・げん) Qu Yuan (前340年~前278年)
文学と芸術Literature
and Art
詩文学の成立Establishment
of poetry literature
中国最古の文学the oldest
Chinese literatureである『詩経(しきょう)Shi Jing』に収められた300余の詩More than 300
poemsは、西周(せいしゅう)Western Zhouから春秋(しゅんじゅう)Spring and Autumn Annalsまでの北方の詩歌northern
poetry(宮廷の詩court poetryと民間の歌謡folk songs)を集めたものである。
More than 300 poems in the Shijing, the
oldest Chinese literature, are collections of northern poetry (court poetry and
folk songs) from the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn period.
これに対して、戦国(せんごく)の末ごろTowards the end of the Warring States period、楚(そ)(チュー)Chuに現れた憂国詩人patriotic
poet屈原(くつ・げん)Qu Yuan(前340年~前278年)の詩poetryを中心として、漢(かん)(ハン)the Han periodに至るまでの作品worksを集めて『楚辞(そじ)Chu Ci or Songs
of Chu』が作られ、『詩経(しきょう)Shi Jing』とともに後の文学later literatureに大きな影響great influenceを与えた。
Towards the end of the Warring States period, the poetry of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet who appeared in Chu, was compiled into "Chuji," which collected works from the Han period, and together with "Shijing," had a great influence on later literature.
金と銀の象眼(ぞうがん)細工gold and silver inlay(Damascening)を備えた鼎(かなえ)青銅器Ding bronze vessel
象眼(ぞうがん)Damasceningとは、一つの素材に異質の素材を嵌め込む工芸Craft技法technique。
工芸の発達Development
of Crafts
春秋戦国時代(しゅんじゅう・せんごく・じだい)the Spring
and Autumn and Warring States periodsには、鉄製工具iron toolsにより手工業handicraftsが発達した。
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring
States periods, handicrafts developed with iron tools.
特に青銅器の細工craftsmanship of bronzeが精巧elaborateとなり、金銀の象嵌(ぞうがん)gold and silver inlayや鍍金(ときん)platingの技術techniquesが発達した。
In particular, the craftsmanship of bronze
ware became elaborate, and the techniques of gold and silver inlay and plating
were developed.
また、青銅の鏡Bronze mirrorsや美しい彩色を施した陶器potteryや漆器lacquerwareも作られるようになった。
Bronze mirrors and beautifully colored
pottery and lacquerware were also produced.
周王朝(しゅう(ジョウ)・おうちょう) Zhou Dynasty
幽王(ゆう・おう) King
You of Zhou 褒姒(ほう・じ) Bao Si
犬戎(けん・じゅう) Quanrong
平王(へい・おう) King
Ping of Zhou
東周(とう・しゅう) Eastern
Zhou
洛邑(らくゆう) Luoyi (現在の洛陽(らくよう) Luoyang)
周王朝(しゅう(ジョウ)・おうちょう) Zhou Dynasty
西周(せい・しゅう) West
Zhou
東周(とう・しゅう) Eastern
Zhou
春秋時代(しゅんじゅう・じだい) Spring and Autumn Period
戦国時代(せんごく・じだい) Warring States Period
秦の統一 Unification
of China by the Qin Dynasty
春秋時代(しゅんじゅう・じだい) Spring and Autumn Period
諸侯(しょこう) the
lords
覇者(はしゃ) bàzhě,
hegemons
斉(せい)(チー)Qiの桓公(かん・こう)Duke Huan
楚(そ)(チュー) Chu
鄭(てい) Zheng
洛邑(らくゆう) Luoyi (現在の洛陽(らくよう) Luoyang)
東周(とう・しゅう) Eastern
Zhou
諸侯(しょこう) the
lords
覇者(はしゃ) bàzhě,
hegemons
斉(せい)(チー)Qiの桓公(かん・こう)Duke Huan
覇者(はしゃ) bàzhě,
hegemons
晋(しん)(ジン)Jinの文公(ぶん・こう) Duke Wen
呉(ご)(ウー)王Wu Wang夫差(ふ・さ) Fu Chai
越(えつ)(ユー)王Yue Wang勾践(こう・せん) Gou Jian
青銅器(せいどうき) Bronze
鉄製農具 iron farming tools
春秋時代末期(しゅんじゅう・じだい・まっき) the
late Spring and Autumn period
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
孔子(こうし) Confucius
儒家(じゅか) Confucianism
儒教(じゅきょう) Confucianism
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
孔子(こうし) Confucius
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
孔子(こうし) Confucius
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
洛邑(らくゆう) Luoyi (現在の洛陽(らくよう) Luoyang)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
仁(じん) Ren (humaneness) benevolence
(人倫愛human ethics)
仁(じん) Ren (humaneness) benevolence
(人倫愛human ethics)
親parentsに対する「孝(こう)filial piety」と
兄older brothersに対する「悌(てい)tei」という家族道徳family
morality
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
仁(じん) Ren (humaneness) benevolence
(人倫愛human ethics)
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
仁(じん) Ren (humaneness) benevolence
(人倫愛human ethics)
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
仁(じん) Ren (humaneness) benevolence
(人倫愛human ethics)
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
礼(れい) courtesy
(人間の守るべき秩序order
that people should follow)
孔子(こうし) Confucius
孔子(こうし) Confucius
魯(ろ)(ルー) Lu
五経(ごきょう) Five Classics
『易経(えききょう)Classic of Changes』・『詩経(しきょう)Classic of Poetry』・『書経(しょきょう)Classic of History』・『礼記(らいき)Classic of Rites』・『春秋(しゅんじゅう)Spring and Autumn Annals』
孔子(こうし) Confucius
周公旦(しゅう・こう・たん) Dan,
Duke of Zhou
儒家(じゅか) Confucianism
孔子(こうし) Confucius
『論語(ろんご) the Analects』
朋(とも)有り、遠方より来たる、亦(また)楽しからずや
(遠いところから、志を同じくする友人がわざわざ訪ねて来てくれるのは、なんと楽しいことだろう)
How pleasant it is to have a like-minded
friend visit you from afar.
春秋戦国時代(しゅんじゅう・せんごく・じだい) Spring and Autumn Warring States period
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
儒家(じゅか) Confucianism
孔子(こうし) Confucius
孟子(もうし) Mencius (前372年ごろ~前289年ごろ)
荀子(じゅん・し) Xun Zi (前298年?~前235年?)
孟子(もうし) Mencius (前372年ごろ~前289年ごろ)
性善説(せいぜん・せつ) the
theory of good nature
荀子(じゅん・し) Xun Zi (前298年?~前235年?)
性悪説(せいあく・せつ) the
theory of Evil Nature
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
墨家(ぼっか) Mohism
墨子(ぼく・し) Mo Zi
墨家(ぼっか) Mohism
儒家(じゅか)Confucianismの説く仁(じん)benevolenceは差別的な愛discriminatory love(別愛separate love)であると否定して、平等無差別な博愛主義(はくあい・しゅぎ)equal and indiscriminate philanthropy(兼愛(けんあい))を説いた。
墨家(ぼっか) Mohism
墨子(ぼく・し) Mo Zi
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
道家(どうか) Taoism
老荘思想(ろうそう・しそう) Laozhuang
Thought
老子(ろう・し) Lao Zi
荘子(そう・し) Zhuang Zi
道家(どうか) Taoism
無為自然(むい・しぜん) abandoning artifice and just being oneself
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
陰陽家(いんよう・か) School of Yin-Yang
鄒衍(すう・えん) Zou Yan
縦横家(じゅうおう・か) School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances
蘇秦(そ・しん) Su Qin
法家(ほう・か) Legalism
韓非(かん・ぴ) Han Fei
兵家(へい・か) Strategist
孫子(そん・し) Sun Tzu
名家(めい・か) School of Names, Logicians
公孫竜(こうそん・りゅう) Gongsun Long
農家(のう・か) School
of Agrarianism
許行(きょ・こう) Xu
Xing
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
斉(せい)(チー) Qi
威王(いおう) King
Wei of Qi
宣王(せんおう) King
Xuan of Qi
稷下の学士(しょくか・の・がくし) Academy
of the Gate of Chi
臨淄(りんし)(リンズー) Linzi
臨淄(りんし)(リンズー) Linzi
孫臏(そん・ぴん) Sun
Bin
孟子(もうし) Mencius (前372年ごろ~前289年ごろ)
鄒衍(すう・えん) Zou
Yan
諸子百家(しょし・ひゃっか) zhūzǐ
bǎijiā, Hundred Schools of Thought
臨淄(りんし)(リンズー) Linzi
稷下の学士(しょくか・の・がくし) Academy
of the Gate of Chi
戦国時代(せんごく・じだい) Warring States Period
周(しゅう)(ジョウ)王室Zhou royal familyはまったく無視ignoredされ、周(しゅう)(ジョウ)Zhouは単なる一諸侯a mere feudal lordの位置を保つにすぎなくなった。
戦国の七雄 the Seven Kings of the Warring States
斉(せい)(チー)Qi・楚(そ)(チュー)Chu・秦(しん)(チン)Qin・燕(えん)(イェン)Yan・韓(かん)(ハン)Han・魏(ぎ)(ウェイ)Wei・趙(ちょう)(ジャオゥ)Zhao
秦(しん)(チン) Qin
孝公(こう・こう) Xiao Gong,
Duke Xiao 嬴渠梁(えい・きょりょう) Ying Quliang
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
秦(しん)(チン) Qin
孝公(こう・こう) Xiao Gong,
Duke Xiao 嬴渠梁(えい・きょりょう) Ying Quliang
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
秦(しん)(チン) Qin
孝公(こう・こう) Xiao Gong,
Duke Xiao 嬴渠梁(えい・きょりょう) Ying Quliang
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
秦(しん)(チン) Qin
孝公(こう・こう) Xiao Gong,
Duke Xiao 嬴渠梁(えい・きょりょう) Ying Quliang
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
秦(しん)(チン) Qin
孝公(こう・こう) Xiao Gong,
Duke Xiao 嬴渠梁(えい・きょりょう) Ying Quliang
商鞅(しょう・おう) Shang
Yang
秦始皇帝(しん・し・こうてい)(チン・シ・ファンディ) Qin Shi Huangdi(the first emperor of the Qin dynasty)
嬴政(えい・せい) Ying Zheng