日本史34 Japanese history 34
学問の新傾向
New Trends in Academics
平賀源内(ひらが・げんない)Hiraga Gennai(1728~1779)
杉田玄白(すぎた・げんぱく)Sugita
Genpaku(1733~1817)
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき)Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraftは、第二次世界大戦World War II時の日本陸軍Imperial Japanese Armyの偵察機Reconnaissance Aircraft(司令部偵察機Command Reconnaissance Aircraft)。
The Hyakushiki
Headquarters Reconnaissance Aircraft (Hyakushiki, Shireibu, Teisatsuki) was a
reconnaissance aircraft (headquarters reconnaissance aircraft) of the Japanese
Army during World War II.
連合軍Allied forcesのコードネームCode nameはダイナDinah。
The code name of the
Allied Forces is Dyna.
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft
開発Development・製造Manufacturingは三菱重工業Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries。
Developed and
manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
設計主務者chief
designerは久保富夫(くぼ・とみお)Tomio Kubo。
The chief designer was
Tomio Kubo.
「百式(ひゃくしき)Type 100」は1940年(昭和15年)(皇紀2600年)に仮採用provisional
appointmentされたことから名づけられた。
The name ``Hyaku-shiki''
comes from the fact that it was provisionally adopted in 1940 (Showa 15) (2600
years of the Imperial era).
余談だが、この年に採用された兵器Weapons adopted the weapons
adopted in this yearの呼称namingは、海軍Navyでは「零式(れいしき)Type 0」、陸軍Armyでは「百式(ひゃくしき)Type 100」、となっている。
As an aside, the names of
the weapons adopted in this year were ``Type 0'' by the Navy and ``Type 100''
by the Army.
九七式司令部偵察機(きゅうななしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 97 Command Reconnaissance aircraft
九七式司令部偵察機(きゅうななしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき)Type 97 Command Reconnaissance aircraftの後継機Successorとして1939年(昭和14年)に初飛行、太平洋戦争Pacific
War(大東亜戦争Greater East Asia War)開戦前の1941年(昭和16年)から配備が行われ、1945年(昭和20年)の敗戦に至るまで帝国陸軍Imperial
Japanese Armyの主力戦略偵察機Main Strategic Reconnaissance aircraftとして使用された。
It first flew in 1939
(Showa 14) as a successor to the Type 97 headquarters reconnaissance aircraft,
and was deployed in 1941 (Showa 16) before the outbreak of the Pacific War (Greater
East Asia War), and in 1945 (Showa 20). It was used as the Imperial Army's main
strategic reconnaissance aircraft until Defeat in 2010.
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき)Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraftは画期的な開発思想や高性能をもつ後の「戦略偵察機Strategic
Reconnaissance aircraft」の先駆的存在であり、また、そのスタイルの美しさから「第二次大戦で活躍した軍用機のうちで最も美しい機体の一つOne of the most elegant aircraft of World War Two」と評されている。
The Type 100 Headquarters
Reconnaissance Aircraft was a pioneer of the later ``strategic reconnaissance
aircraft'' with its revolutionary development concept and high performance, and
due to its beautiful style, it was considered a ``military aircraft that was
active in World War II.'' It has been described as one of the most beautiful
aircraft in Japan.
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき)Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraftは、日中戦争Second
Sino-Japanese Warを含む太平洋戦争Pacific Warの全戦線All frontsにおいて主力偵察機Main Reconnaissance aircraftとして投入され、北はアリューシャン列島Aleutian Islands、南はダーウィンDarwin、西はインドIndia、東はマーシャル諸島Marshall Islandsまで、連合軍勢力圏the areas of Allied influenceの奥深く数々の偵察飛行Reconnaissance Flightを敢行した。
The Type 100 headquarters
reconnaissance aircraft was used as the main reconnaissance aircraft on all
fronts in the Pacific War, including the Sino-Japanese War, and was used in all
areas of Allied influence, from the Aleutian Islands in the north, Darwin in
the south, India in the west, and the Marshall Islands in the east. He carried
out numerous reconnaissance flights.
百式司令部偵察機(ひゃくしき・しれいぶ・ていさつき) Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft
マレー作戦Malayan
campaign
フィリピンの戦いBattle of the
Philippines
蘭印作戦Dutch East
Indies campaign
ガダルカナル島の戦いBattle
of Guadalcanal
ルンガ沖航空戦Battle of
Lunga Point
ダーウィン空襲Bombing of
Darwin
インパール作戦Battle of
Imphal
沖縄戦Battle of
Okinawa
『解体新書(かいたい・しんしょ)Kaitai Shinsho(New
Text on Anatomy)』
第9章 Chapter 9
幕藩体制の動揺
Unrest in the Shogunate
system
第4節 Section 4
学問の新傾向
New
Trends in Academics
松平定信(まつだいら・さだのぶ)Matsudaira
Sadanobu(1758~1829)
徳川吉宗(とくがわよしむね)Tokugawa
Yoshimuneの孫grandson
儒学(じゅがく)Confucianism
18世紀中頃the mid-18th centuryから、封建制の危機の深まりthe crisis of feudalism deepenedとともに、朱子学(しゅしがく)Neo-Confucianismは停滞stagnatedした。
From the mid-18th
century, Neo-Confucianism stagnated as the crisis of feudalism deepened.
林述斎(はやし・じゅっさい)Hayashi
Jussai(1768~1841)
柴野栗山(しばの・りつざん)Shibano
Ritsuzan(1736~1807)
尾藤二洲(びとう・じしゅう)Bito Jishu(1747~1813)
岡田寒泉(おかだ・かんせん)Okada Kansen(1740~1816)
古賀精里(こが・せいり)Koga Seiri(1750~1817)
松平定信(まつだいら・さだのぶ)Matsudaira
Sadanobuは、寛政異学の禁(かんせい・いがく・の・きん)kansei igaku no kinを行って朱子学(しゅしがく)Neo-Confucianismの立て直しreformedと思想統制controlled its ideologyを行い、また林家(りんけ)the Rinke familyも林述斎(はやし・じゅっさい)Hayashi Jussai(1768~1841)が再興revivedし、柴野栗山(しばの・りつざん)Shibano Ritsuzan(1736~1807)・尾藤二洲(びとう・じしゅう)Bito Jishu(1747~1813)・古賀精里(こが・せいり)Koga Seiri(1750~1817)らが輩出して朱子学(しゅしがく)Neo-Confucianismは維持maintainedされたが、その後見るべき人材worthy human resourcesもなく、また学問的・思想的発展academic or ideological developmentもなく衰えた。
Matsudaira Sadanobu
banned Kansei studies and reformed Neo-Confucianism and controlled its ideology,
and the Rinke also established the Hayashi Jusai (1768) -1841) was revived, and
Shibano Ritsuzan (1736-1807), Bito Jishū (1747-1813), Koga Seiri (1750-1817)
and others Neo-Confucianism was maintained through the production of these
scholars, but thereafter it declined with no worthy human resources and no
academic or ideological development.
伊藤仁斎(いとう・じんさい)Itō Jinsai(1627~1705)
荻生徂徠(おぎゅう・そらい)Ogyū Sorai(1666~1728)
伊藤仁斎(いとう・じんさい)Itō Jinsaiの堀川学派(ほりかわ・がくは)the Horikawa schoolや荻生徂徠(おぎゅう・そらい)Ogyū Soraiの蘐園学派(けんえん・がくは)the Kenen schoolなどの古学派(こがくは)Old schoolsも、18世紀中頃the mid-18th
centuryにはふるわなくなった。
Old school schools such
as Ito Jinsai's Horikawa school and Ogyu Sorai's Ken'engaku school also ceased
to be active in the mid-18th century.
田沼(たぬま)時代the Tanuma periodに入ってから、儒学諸説various theories of Confucianismを取捨選択selectedして教義doctrinesを折衷(せっちゅう)eclecticし、中庸(ちゅうよう)Doctrine of the Meanの説をたてる折衷学派(せっちゅう・がくは)the eclectic schoolが盛んとなり、井上金峨(いのうえ・きんが)Inoue Kinga・片山兼山(かたやま・けんざん)Katayama Kenzanらが出た。
From the beginning of the
Tanuma period, the eclectic school, which selected various theories of Confucianism,
mixed doctrines, and established a theory of moderation, became popular, and
was led by Inoue Kinga, Katayama Kaneyama, and others. came out.
戴震(たい・しん)Dai Zhen 考証学(こうしょうがく)evidential scholarship
狩谷棭斎(かりや・えきさい)Kariya Ekisai
松崎慊堂(まつざき・こうどう)Matsuzaki
Kodo
安井息軒(やすい・そっけん)Yasui Sokken(1799~1876)
18世紀末the end of the 18th century頃になると、清(しん)the Qing dynastyの考証学(こうしょうがく)evidential scholarshipの影響を受けて、日本Japanese・中国Chineseの古典classicsを収集collectingし、整理sorting・校勘(こうかん)proofreading・編纂compilingを行う実証的態度empirical approachをとる考証学(こうしょうがく)evidential scholarshipが盛んとなり、大田錦城(おおた・きんじょう)ōta, kinjō・狩谷棭斎(かりや・えきさい)Kariya Ekisai・松崎慊堂(まつざき・こうどう)Matsuzaki Kodo・安井息軒(やすい・そっけん)Yasui Sokken(1799~1876)らが輩出した。
Toward the end of the
18th century, under the influence of Qing archaeology, archaeology, which took
an empirical approach of collecting Japanese and Chinese classics and sorting,
proofreading, and compiling them, became popular. They were produced by Kariya
Ekisai, Matsuzaki Kodo, and Yasui Sokken
(1799-1876).
池田光政(いけだ・みつまさ)Ikeda Mitsumasa(1609~1682)
花畠教場(はなばたけ・きょうじょう)Hanabatake
Kyojo
教育の発達Development
of Education
藩校(はんこう)domain schoolは、各藩each
domainが藩士の子弟the children of feudal samurai教育機関educational institutionとして設けた学校で、1641年(寛永18年)、岡山藩(おかやま・はん)主the lord of the Okayama domain池田光政(いけだ・みつまさ)Ikeda Mitsumasa(1609~1682)が創設した花畠教場(はなばたけ・きょうじょう)Hanabatake Kyojoが早い例で、18世紀後半the late 18th
century以降、諸藩various domainsの財政窮乏financial poverty、藩政の緩みthe laxity of domain administrationに対応する藩吏育成training
feudal officialsを目的として、ほぼ全国的に設置された。
A domain school was a
school established by each domain as an educational institution for the
children of feudal samurai, and was founded in 1641 (Kanei 18) by Mitsumasa
Ikeda (1609-1682), the lord of the Okayama domain. Take and Kyojo) are an early
example, and from the late 18th century onwards, they were established almost
nationwide for the purpose of training feudal officials to deal with the
financial poverty of various domains and the laxity of domain administration.
閑谷学校(しずたに・がっこう)Shizutani School
また城下町castle towns以外の地に、武士・庶民の子弟the children of samurai and commonersを教育educateするための郷学(ごうがく)gogakuが設けられた藩some domainsもある。
In addition, some domains
established gogaku in areas other than castle towns to educate the children of
samurai and commoners.
中井甃庵(なかい・しゅうあん)Nakai Shuan
懐徳堂(かいとく・どう)Kaitokudō
私塾(しじゅく)shijukuは一人の学者a
scholarを塾主とした私学校private schoolで、1724年(享保9年)、大坂町人Osaka townspeopleらの出資fundingにより、中井甃庵(なかい・しゅうあん)Nakai Shuanらが中心となって創立した懐徳堂(かいとく・どう)Kaitokudōが有名である(1726年に幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateの官許granted
official approval)。
A private school
(shijuku) was a private school run by a scholar, and was founded in 1724 (Kyoho
9) with funding from Osaka townspeople and led by Nakai Shuan and others.
Kaitokudo, which was founded, is famous (granted official approval from the
Shogunate in 1726).
中井履軒(なかい・りけん)Nakai Riken
初代学主には三宅石庵(みやけ・せきあん)Miyake Sekianがなり、中井甃庵(なかい・しゅうあん)Nakai Shuanの子children中井竹山(なかい・ちくざん)Nakai
Chikuzan・中井履軒(なかい・りけん)Nakai Rikenらの努力によって繁栄した。
Sekian Miyake was the
first head of the school, and the school prospered thanks to the efforts of
Nakai Shuan's children Nakai Chikuzan and Nakai Riken.
富永仲基(とみなが・なかもと)Tominaga
Nakamoto(1715~1746)
山片蟠桃(やまがた・ばんとう)Yamagata
Bantō(1748~1821)
朱子学(しゅしがく)Neo-Confucianismを柱としながらも自由な学風free academic styleを持ち、門下his studentsから富永仲基(とみなが・なかもと)Tominaga Nakamoto(1715~1746)・山片蟠桃(やまがた・ばんとう)Yamagata Bantō(1748~1821)らの優れた町人学者townspeople and scholarsを輩出した。
Although centered on
Neo-Confucianism, he had a free academic style, and his students included
Tominaga Nakamoto (1715-1746) and Yamagata Banto (1748-1821). It produced
excellent townspeople and scholars.
広瀬淡窓(ひろせ・たんそう)Hirose Tansō(1782~1856)
咸宜園(かんぎえん)Kangien
大分県(おおいたけん)Ōita Prefecture日田市(ひたし)Hita City
また1817年(文化14年)、豊後(ぶんご)Bungo Province日田(ひた)Hita(現、大分県(おおいたけん)Ōita Prefecture日田市(ひたし))の広瀬淡窓(ひろせ・たんそう)Hirose Tansō(1782~1856)は咸宜園(かんぎえん)Kangienを開き多くの門人disciplesを育てた。
In 1817 (Bunka 14),
Hirose Tanso (1782-1856) of Bungo-Hita (present-day Hita City, Oita Prefecture)
opened Kangien and trained many disciples.
石田梅岩(いしだ・ばいがん)Ishida Baigan(1685~1744)
心学(しんがく)Shingakuは、享保年間during
the Kyoho eraに京都(きょうと)Kyotoに出た石田梅岩(いしだ・ばいがん)Ishida Baigan(1685~1744)が、町人townspeopleを主な対象aimed primarilyとして始めたものである。
Shingaku was started by Baigan
Ishida (1685-1744), who moved to Kyoto during the Kyoho era, and aimed primarily
at townspeople.
神God・儒Confucianism・仏Buddhismの諸説the
theoriesをわかりやすく組み合わせ、日常に心がけるべき町人townspeople道徳moralsとして、特に倹約frugality・堪忍patience・正直honestyを説いた。
Combining the theories of
God, Confucianism, and Buddhism in an easy-to-understand manner, he
particularly preached frugality, patience, and honesty as morals that
townspeople should keep in mind in their daily lives.
心学(しんがく)Shingaku
古代ancient times以来、商業営利行為commercial activitiesや商人merchantsは卑しいものとして蔑視されてきたlooked down upon as lowly thingsのであるが心学(しんがく)Shingakuではそれを初めて是認approvedし、社会的socialに意義significanceづけたことは注目される。
Since ancient times,
commercial activities and merchants have been looked down upon as lowly things,
but it is noteworthy that Shingaku for the first time approved of such
practices and gave them social significance.
そして、士農工商professionals, farmers, industry, and commerceともつまるところ道は一つonly
one pathであって、それぞれが身分境遇に従って活動operate according to their social statusすべきであるとしたので、次第に封建領主feudal
lordsの後援supportも得るようになり、急速に普及した。
In the end, there was
only one path for professionals, farmers, industry, and commerce, and each
should operate according to their social status, so they gradually gained the
support of feudal lords and rapidly spread.
石田梅岩(いしだ・ばいがん)Ishida Baiganの著書に『都鄙問答(とひ・もんどう)Towns and Villages Questions and Answers』がある。
One of the books written
by Ishida Baiyan (Ishida Baiyan) is ``Duyou Questions and Answers'' (Duyou
Questions and Answers).
手島堵庵(てじま・とあん)Tejima Toan(1718~1786)
中沢道二(なかざわ・どうに)Nakazawa Doni
やがて弟子disciplesの手島堵庵(てじま・とあん)Tejima Toan(1718~1786)は京都(きょうと)Kyotoで、中沢道二(なかざわ・どうに)Nakazawa Doniは江戸Edoで活躍し、次いで柴田鳩翁(しばた・きゅうおう)Shibata Kyūō(著書『鳩翁道話(きゅうおう・どうわ)kyuuoudouwa』)が出て心学(しんがく)Shingakuを西国(さいごく)the Western part of Japanまでひろめ、各地various
placesに心学(しんがく)Shingakuの講舎lecture halls(心学舎(しんがくしゃ)Shingakusha)が設けられた。
Eventually, his disciples
Toan Tejima (1718-1786) became active in Kyoto, Doni Nakazawa in Edo, and then
Kyuou Shibata (who wrote With the publication of ``Hato Dowa'', Shingaku spread
to the western regions, and Shingaku lecture halls (Shingakusha) were
established in various places.
寺子屋(てらこや)Terakoya
経済発展economic
developmentに伴う庶民の生活向上the lives of the common people improvedによって、初等教育Elementary
educationが盛んとなった。
Elementary education
became popular as the lives of the common people improved due to economic
development.
はじめは主として寺院templesで僧侶monksが行っていたが、次第に儒者Confucian・神官priests・牢人(浪人)(ろうにん)Rōnin・村の中堅層middle-ranking
villagersなども庶民教育educate the common peopleを行うようになった。
At first, it was mainly
carried out by monks in temples, but gradually Confucian priests, priests,
jailers, and middle-ranking villagers began to educate the common people.
教科内容は、読みreading・書きwriting・算盤(そろばん)abacusが中心で、職業的実用知識practical vocational knowledgeと儒学の道徳Confucian ethicsが教えられた。
Subjects focused on
reading, writing, and the abacus, and taught practical vocational knowledge and
Confucian ethics.
実語教(じつご・きょう)Jitsugokyo
『塵劫記(じんこう・き)Jinkōki』
庭訓往来(ていきん・おうらい)Teikinourai
教科書textbooksには、『実語教(じつご・きょう)Jitsugokyo』・『塵劫記(じんこう・き)Jinkōki』・『庭訓往来(ていきん・おうらい)Teikinourai』などの往来物(おうらい・もの)Oraimono(往来(おうらい)oraiとは手紙lettersのこと)が使われた。
Oraimono (orai means
letters) such as ``Jikkokyo'', ``Jinkōki'', and ``Teikinourai'' were used as
textbooks.
菅江真澄(すがえ・ますみ)Sugae Masumi(1754~1829)
草莽の文化Culture of Humble
subject
三河(みかわ)Mikawa Province(愛知県(あいちけん)Aichi Prefecture東半部)の菅江真澄(すがえ・ますみ)Sugae Masumi(1754~1829)は遊歴の文人itinerant literary figureで、1783年から28年間奥羽Ou・蝦夷地Ezoを巡り、秋田藩the Akita domainで『雪・月・花の出羽路(ゆき・つき・はな・の・でわじ)Dewaji of Snow, Moon, and Flowers』を著し、また辺境frontierの伝承folklore・生活life・慣行customs・習俗customsを図入りの『真澄遊覧記(ますみ・ゆうらんき)Masumi Yuranki』にまとめた。
Masumi Sugae (1754-1829)
of Mikawa was an itinerant literary figure who traveled to Ou and Ezo for 28
years starting in 1783, writing ``Dewaji of Snow, Moon, and Flowers'' in the
Akita domain. He also summarized the folklore, life, customs, and customs of
the frontier in the illustrated ``Masumi Yuranki.''
鈴木牧之(すずき・ぼくし)Suzuki
Bokushi(1770~1842)
『北越雪譜(ほくえつ・せっぷ)Hokuetsu Seppu』
越後(えちご)Echigo Province(新潟県(にいがたけん)Niigata Prefecture)の在郷商人merchant living inの鈴木牧之(すずき・ぼくし)Suzuki Bokushi(1770~1842)は『北越雪譜(ほくえつ・せっぷ)Hokuetsu Seppu』で豪雪地の生活life in a region with heavy snowfallを詳述した。
Suzuki Bokushi (1770-1842),
a merchant living in Echigo, described in detail life in a region with heavy
snowfall in Hokuetsu Seppu.
戸田茂睡(とだ・もすい)Toda Mosui
契沖(けいちゅう)Keichū(1640~1701)
国学(こくがく)Kokugaku
国学(こくがく)Kokugakuは、日本の精神文化Japan's spiritual cultureの全般にわたる研究studyで、儒教Confucianism・仏教Buddhismなど外来思想foreign ideasに影響される以前の日本古来の思想ancient Japanese thoughtを求めて、古典the classicsや有職故実the history of traditional Japanese occupationなどを研究studyingするものであるが、その源流Its
originsは元禄頃around the Genroku eraの下河辺長流(しもこうべ・ながる)Shimokobe Nagaru・戸田茂睡(とだ・もすい)Toda Mosui・契沖(けいちゅう)Keichūらによる和歌の革新運動the Waka innovation movementに見られる。
Kokugaku is the study of Japan's
spiritual culture in general, and involves studying the classics and the
history of traditional Japanese occupation in search of ancient Japanese thought
before it was influenced by foreign ideas such as Confucianism and Buddhism.
Its origins can be seen in the Waka innovation movement around the Genroku era,
led by Nagaru Shimokobe, Mosui Toda, and Keichu.
18世紀 the 18th centuryに入って復古主義(ふっこ・しゅぎ)Reactionismの傾向trendを示すようになり、やがて荷田春満(かだの・あずままろ)Kada no Azumamaro・賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no Mabuchi・本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinagaらによって大成developedされた。
In the 18th century, a
trend toward restorationism began to appear, and eventually Kadano Azumamaro,
Kamo Mabuchi, and Motoori Norinaga. It was developed by
荷田春満(かだの・あずままろ)Kada no
Azumamaro(1669~1736)
荷田春満(かだの・あずままろ)
京都(きょうと)Kyotoの伏見稲荷(ふしみ・いなり)Fushimi Inariの神官priest荷田春満(かだの・あずままろ)Kada no
Azumamaro(1669~1736)は、神道思想Shinto philosophyと、『日本書紀(にほんしょき)Nihon Shoki(The Chronicles of Japan)』・『万葉集(まんようしゅう)Man'yōshū』などの古典classical・古語archaic languagesの研究researchに基づいて日本固有unique to Japanの古道(こどう)ancient pathを究明investigatingし、儒教Confucianism・仏教Buddhismなどの外来思想foreign
ideasを排斥rejectingすることを主張して、国学(こくがく)Kokugaku発展developmentの基礎foundationを築いた。
Kadano Azumamaro
(1669-1736), a priest at Fushimi Inari in Kyoto, created a system unique to
Japan based on Shinto philosophy and research on classical and archaic
languages such as Nihon Shoki and Manyoshu. He laid the foundation for the
development of Japanese studies by investigating the ancient path and rejecting
foreign ideas such as Confucianism and Buddhism.
『創学校啓(そうがく・こうけい)Sogaku Kokei』
1728年(享保13年)に、国学(こくがく)Japanese studiesの研究・普及the research and disseminationのための学校を創立することの必要the need to establish a schoolを説いた『創学校啓(そうがく・こうけい)Sogaku Kokei』を幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateに提出したと言われる。
In 1728 (Kyoho 13), he is
said to have submitted ``Sogaku Kokei'' to the shogunate, which advocated the
need to establish a school for the research and dissemination of Japanese
studies.
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no
Mabuchi(1697~1769)
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)
荷田春満(かだ・の・あずままろ)Kada no
Azumamaroの高弟senior discipleで、遠江(とおとうみ)Tōtōmi
Province(静岡県(しずおかけん)Shizuoka Prefecture西部)の神職Shinto priestの出身である賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no Mabuchi(1697~1769)は、国学(こくがく)Japanese studiesの、学問studiesと思想thoughtの両面を統一unified both sidesした。
Kamo Mabuchi (1697-1769),
a senior disciple of Kadano Azumamaro and a Shinto priest from Totomi, was a
scholar of Japanese studies and thought. unified both sides.
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no
Mabuchiは特に『万葉集(まんようしゅう)Man'yōshū』の研究researchingに努め、日本古代の精神the spirit of ancient Japanすなわち、外来思想foreign ideasに歪(ゆが)められない「神代の道way of the gods」に復帰returnすることを理想idealとし、『万葉考(まんようこう)Manyoko』・『国意考(こくいこう)Kokuiko』・『冠辞考(かんじこう)Kanjiko』・『祝詞考(のりとこう)Noritoko』・『歌意考(かいこう)Kaiiko』の五意考(ごいこう)five worksを著して、復古思想Restoration thoughtの真髄the essenceを説いた。
Kamo Mabuchi especially
devoted himself to researching the Manyoshu, and his ideal was to return to the
spirit of ancient Japan, that is, the ``way of the gods'' that was not
distorted by foreign ideas. He preached the essence of Restoration thought by
writing five works: ``Manyoko'', ``Kokuiko'', ``Kanjiko'', ``Norikyo'', and
``Kaiiko''.
田安宗武(たやす・むねたけ)Tayasu
Munetake
加藤千蔭(かとう・ちかげ)Katō Chikage
村田春海(むらた・はるみ)Murata Harumi
荒木田久老(あらきだ・ひさおゆ)Arakida
Hisaoyu
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no
Mabuchiは田安宗武(たやす・むねたけ)Tayasu Munetakeに仕え、その一門his familyは県居学派(あがたい・がくは)Agatai Gakuha schoolと呼ばれ、本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinaga・加藤千蔭(かとう・ちかげ)Katō Chikage・村田春海(むらた・はるみ)Murata Harumi・荒木田久老(あらきだ・ひさおゆ)Arakida Hisaoyuらが輩出した。
Kamo Mabuchi served
Tayasu Munetake, and his family was called the Agatai Gakuha school, and was
founded by Norinaga Motoori. ), Chikage Kato, Harumi Murata, and Hisaoyu
Arakida.
本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori
Norinaga(1730~1801)
本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori
Norinaga
伊勢(いせ)Ise Province松坂(まつさか)Matsusaka(三重県(みえけん)Mie Prefecture松阪市(まつさかし)Matsusaka City)の木綿問屋cotton wholesalerに生まれた本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinaga(1730~1801)は、賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no Mabuchiの学問the learningを引き継ぎ国学(こくがく)the Japanese studiesを完成completedした。
Norinaga Motoori (1730-1801), born to a cotton wholesaler in Ise Matsuzaka (Matsusaka City, Mie Prefecture), completed the Japanese studies by inheriting the learning of Kamo Mabuchi.
契沖(けいちゅう)Keichū(1640~1701)
京(きょう)Capitalに遊学studyingして医学medicine・儒学Confucianismを修める間に、契沖(けいちゅう)Keichūの研究researchに接して国学(こくがく)the Japanese studiesに志し、松坂(まつさか)Matsusakaに帰って医業medicineのかたわら日本古典Japanese classicsの研究studyに努めた。
While studying in Kyoto
and studying medicine and Confucianism, he came into contact with the research
of Keiichi and decided to pursue a career in Japanese studies.When he returned
to Matsusaka, he endeavored to study Japanese classics while practicing medicine.
その研究researchは、古書の注釈annotations on old books・古道論theories of ancient Buddhism・文学論literary theory・語学language・歌文学song literatureなど各方面にわたり、著述は91種266冊に及んでいる。
His research spans a wide
range of fields, including annotations on old books, theories of ancient Buddhism,
literary theory, language, and song literature, and he has written 266 books in
91 categories.
『古事記伝(こじき・でん)Kojiki-den』
代表的著作は、1798年(寛政10年)に完成した『古事記伝(こじき・でん)Kojiki-den』44巻である。
His representative work
is the 44-volume Kojikiden, completed in 1798 (Kansei 10).
本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori
Norinagaは、『古事記(こじき)Kojiki(Records of Ancient Matters)』のなかに儒教Confucianism・仏教Buddhismに影響されない純粋な日本固有の精神pure Japanese spiritがあるとして、その写本を集めて校訂し、古代の日本人本来の精神original spirit of the ancient Japanese people━神の定めた道the path set by God=直毘霊(なおびの・みたま)Naobi-no-mitama(明くbrightness・浄(きよ)きpurity・直きstraightness・まことの心true heart)に復帰returnすべきだと、復古思想(ふっこ・しそう)Restoration thoughtの体系systemを整えた。
Norinaga Motoori believed
that the Kojiki contained a pure Japanese spirit that was not influenced by
Confucianism or Buddhism, so he collected the manuscripts, revised them, and
created an original spirit of the ancient Japanese people. ━He established a system of Restoration thought that calls for a
return to the path set by God = Naobi-mitama (brightness, purity, straightness,
and true heart).
『源氏物語(げんじ・ものがたり)The Tale of Genji』
また『源氏物語(げんじ・ものがたり)The Tale of Genji』の本質the essenceを「もののあわれMono no aware」にあるとして、文学literatureを儒仏の道徳的解釈Confucian and Buddhist moral interpretationsの枠frameworkから解放freeingし、文学評論史上in the history of literary criticism画期的な見解groundbreaking viewを示した。
He also posited that the
essence of The Tale of Genji lies in the ``awareness of things'', freeing
literature from the framework of Confucian and Buddhist moral interpretations,
and presenting a groundbreaking view in the history of literary criticism.
そのほか、『詞の玉緒(ことばの・たまのお)Tama-no-o of words』(国語学関係Japanese linguistics related)、『玉くしげ(たま・くしげ)Tamakushige』・『秘本玉くしげ(ひほん・たま・くしげ)Secret book Tamakushige』(古道論書Kodo-ronsho)、『源氏物語玉の小櫛(げんじ・ものがたり・たまの・おぐし)Tales of Genji Tama no Ogushi』・『万葉集玉の小琴(まんようしゅう・たまの・こごと)Manyoshu Tama no Kogoto』・『石上私淑言(いそのかみの・さざめ・ごと)Isonokami no Sazamegoto』(文学論literary theory)、『玉勝間(たま・かつま)Tamakatsuma』(随筆essay)などがある。
In addition,
"Tama-no-o of words" (Japanese linguistics related), "Tama-kushige"/"Secret
book Tamakushige" (Kodo-ronsho), "Tales of Genji Jade-no-kushi
(Ogushi)" ・His works include
``Manyoshu Tama no Kogoto'', ``Isonokami no Sazamegoto'' (literary theory), and
``Tamakatsuma'' (essay).
その学派schoolを鈴の屋門流(すずのや・もんりゅう)Suzunoya Monryuといい、多くの門弟disciplesを育てた。
This school was called
Suzunoya Monryu, and he trained many disciples.
平田篤胤(ひらた・あつたね)Hirata
Atsutane(1776年~1843年)
平田篤胤(ひらた・あつたね)Hirata
Atsutane
秋田藩士Akita Domain
samuraiの出身で、のち松山藩士Matsuyama Domain samurai平田篤穏(ひらた・あつやす)Hirata Atsuyasuの養子adoptedとなった。
He was a samurai of the
Akita clan, and was later adopted by Atsuyasu Hirata, a samurai of the
Matsuyama clan.
本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori
Norinagaの著作を読み、本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinaga没後の門人discipleとなった。
He read the works of
Norinaga Motoori and became his disciple after his death.
著書には『古史伝(こし・でん)Koshiden』・『古史徴(こし・ちょう)Koshicho』・『玉襷(たまだすき)Tamadasuki』などがある。
His works include
``Koshiden'', ``Koshicho'', and ``Tamatasuki''.
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no
Mabuchi(1697~1769)
その学風academic styleは、賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no Mabuchi・本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinagaの学問the scholarshipから文献批判研究critical literature researchの考証的方面historical aspectsを捨てて、古道的方面the ancient pathを継承し、儒仏Confucianism and Buddhismを鋭く批判criticizedして宗教的国粋主義の傾向religious nationalist tendenciesを強め、賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no Mabuchi・本居宣長(もとおり・のりなが)Motoori Norinagaの復古思想(ふっこ・しそう)Restoration thoughtを神道(しんとう)Shintoとして大成し、復古神道(ふっこ・しんとう)restoration Shintoを発展させた。
Its academic style is
based on the scholarship of Kamo Mabuchi and Motoori Norinaga, abandoning the
historical aspects of critical literature research, inheriting the ancient
path, and sharply focusing on Confucianism and Buddhism. He criticized them and
strengthened his religious nationalist tendencies, and he established the
restoration ideas of Mabuchi Kamo and Norinaga Motoori as Shinto, and developed
restoration Shinto (Fukko Shinto).
生田万(いくた・よろず)Ikuta Yorozu
大国隆正(おおくに・たかまさ)Ōkuni
Takamasa
平田銕胤(ひらた・かねたね)Hirata Kanetane
門人disciplesには生田万(いくた・よろず)Ikuta Yorozu・大国隆正(おおくに・たかまさ)Ōkuni Takamasa・平田銕胤(ひらた・かねたね)Hirata Kanetaneなどがあり、特に大国隆正(おおくに・たかまさ)Ōkuni Takamasaは、尊皇攘夷運動(そんのう・じょうい・うんどう)Sonnō jōi Movementsの理論的指導者theoretical leaderとなった。
His disciples include
Yorozu Ikuta, Takamasa Okuni, and Kanetane Hirata, and Takamasa Okuni in
particular was a leader in the Resonance of Emperors and Joi Movements. He
became a theoretical leader.
神仏分離(しんぶつ・ぶんり)Shinbutsu
bunri(the separation of Shinto
and Buddhism)
このように、平田派神道(ひらたは・しんとう)Hirata-ha Shintoは尊皇攘夷運動(そんのう・じょうい・うんどう)Sonnō jōi Movementsの思想的支柱the ideological pillarとなるばかりでなく、明治維新政府the Meiji Restoration governmentの神仏分離(しんぶつ・ぶんり)Shinbutsu bunri(the
separation of Shinto and Buddhism)などの教学政策academic policiesに影響を及ぼした。
In this way, Hirata-ha
Shinto not only became the ideological pillar of the movement to respect the
Emperor and banish the foreigners, but also influenced the Meiji Restoration
government's academic policies such as the separation of Shinto and Buddhism.
塙保己一(はなわ・ほきいち)Hanawa
Hokiichi(1746~1821)
賀茂真淵(かもの・まぶち)Kamo no
Mabuchiの門人disciple塙保己一(はなわ・ほきいち)Hanawa
Hokiichi(1746~1821)は、国学(こくがく)Kokugakuの文献学的方法philological methodによる古典研究classical researchの方向を継承し、考証風historical research styleの学問をもって知られた。
Hanawa Hokiichi (1746-1821), a disciple of Kamo Mabuchi, inherited the direction of classical research using the philological method of Japanese studies, and was known for his historical research style.
和学講談所(わがく・こうだんしょ)Wagakukōdansho(Institute of Lectures of Japanese classics)
幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateの援助supportで江戸Edo四ツ谷Yotsuyaに和学講談所(わがく・こうだんしょ)Wagakukōdansho(Institute
of Lectures of Japanese classics)を設けて、多数の古書・古記録old books and recordsを収集・校訂collected and revisedし、『群書類従(ぐんしょ・るいじゅう)Gunsho Ruijū』・『武家名目抄(ぶけ・みょうもくしょう)Buke Myomokusho』などを編纂した。
With the support of the
shogunate, he established a Wagaku Kodansho in Yotsuya, Edo, where he collected
and revised many old books and records, and compiled books such as ``Gunshoruju''
and ``Buke Meimokusho.''
『群書類従(ぐんしょ・るいじゅう)Gunsho Ruijū』は正続あわせて1680巻、現在に至るまで利用されている。
``Gunsho Ruiju'' has a
total of 1,680 volumes in total, and is still in use to this day.
伴信友(ばん・のぶとも)Ban Nobutomo
また伴信友(ばん・のぶとも)Ban Nobutomoは『長等山風(ながらの・やまかぜ)Nagara no Yamakaze』・『神名帳考証(じんみょう・ちょうこうしょう)Jinmyo Chōkōsho』などを著し、歴史の考証研究historical researchに古文書ancient documentsや古記録ancient recordsを採用して新生面new fieldを開いた。
In addition, Nobutomo Ban
wrote books such as ``Nagara no Yamakaze'' and ``Jinmyo Chōkōsho'', and used
ancient documents and ancient records for historical historical research. The
company opened a new field by adopting the following.
随筆essaysには『比古婆衣(ひこばえ)Hikobae』がある。
His essays include
``Hikobae.''
『オランダ風説書(ふうせつがき)Dutch-style treatise』
洋学(ようがく)Western studies
鎖国(さこく)前の1世紀の間During the
century before the national isolationは、キリスト教Christianityを通じて西洋科学Western scienceがもたらされていたが、鎖国(さこく)the national isolationのもとでは、オランダ商館長the head of the Dutch trading postが幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateに提出する『オランダ風説書(ふうせつがき)Dutch-style treatise』以外は、海外事情を知る機会opportunities to learn about overseas affairsをもたなかった。
During the century before
the national isolation, Western science was brought to Japan through
Christianity, but under the national isolation, there were no opportunities to
learn about overseas affairs, except for the ``Dutch-style treatise'' submitted
by the head of the Dutch trading post to the shogunate. It didn't last.
西欧の学問・思想Western
studies and ideasも、オランダthe Netherlandsを通じてのみ伝えられたことから、洋学(ようがく)Western studiesは蘭学(らんがく)Dutch studiesを中心としていた。
Since Western studies and
ideas were only transmitted through the Netherlands, Western studies centered
on Dutch studies.
西川如見(にしかわ・じょけん)Nishikawa
Joken(1648~1724)
新井白石(あらい・はくせき)Arai Hakuseki(1657年~1725年)
シドッチGiovanni Battista
Sidotti
そのようななかでも、17世紀末the end of the 17th centuryに西川如見(にしかわ・じょけん)Nishikawa Joken(1648~1724)は『華夷通商考(かい・つうしょう・こう)Kai Tsushoko』を著して世界地理world geographyを紹介し、また新井白石(あらい・はくせき)Arai Hakuseki(1657~1725)は、1708年(宝永5年)に屋久島(やくしま)Yakushima(鹿児島県(かごしまけん))に潜入infiltratedしたイタリア人宣教師Italian missionaryシドッチGiovanni Battista Sidottiを審問investigatedし、西洋Westernの風俗customs・歴史history・地理geographyなどについて記した『采覧異言(さいらん・いげん)Sairan Igen』・『西洋紀聞(せいよう・きぶん)Seiyō Kibun』を著した。
At the end of the 17th
century, Nishikawa Joken (1648-1724) introduced world geography with his book
``Kaitsu Shoko'', and Arai Shiraishi (1648-1724) introduced world geography.
Arai Hakuseki (1657-1725) investigated Sidocchi, an Italian missionary who had
infiltrated Yakushima in 1708, and wrote Sairan Tongues, a book about Western
customs, history, geography, etc. He wrote ``Igen)'' and ``Western Kibun''.
徳川吉宗(とくがわ・よしむね)Tokugawa Yoshimune(在職1716年~1745年)
8代将軍the 8th shogun
青木昆陽(あおき・こんよう)Aoki Konyō(1698~1769)
野呂元丈(のろ・げんじょう)Noro Genjō(1693~1761)
8代将軍the 8th shogun徳川吉宗(とくがわ・よしむね)Tokugawa Yoshimune(在職1716年~1745年)は、実学の奨励encourage practical learningのため漢訳された洋書foreign books translated into Chinese輸入の禁prohibition on importingを緩和relaxedするとともに、青木昆陽(あおき・こんよう)Aoki Konyō(1698~1769)・野呂元丈(のろ・げんじょう)Noro Genjō(1693~1761)らに蘭学(らんがく)Dutch studiesを修めさせ、蘭学興隆the rise of Dutch studiesの基foundationを築いた。
The 8th Shogun Yoshimune
Tokugawa (1716-1745) relaxed the prohibition on importing foreign books
translated into Chinese in order to encourage practical learning, and he also
encouraged Konyo Aoki (1698-1769). He helped Noro Genjo (1693-1761) and others
to study Western studies, and laid the foundation for the rise of Western
studies.
吉益東洞(よします・とうどう)Yoshimasu
Tōdō
18世紀後半the latter half of the 18th century、吉益東洞(よします・とうどう)Yoshimasu Tōdōらによって、臨床実験clinical experimentationを重視する古医方(こいほう)the Koiho method of medicineがおこされた。
In the latter half of the
18th century, Todo Yoshimasu and others established the Koiho method of
medicine, which emphasized clinical experimentation.
後藤艮山(ごとう・こんざん)Goto Konzan
山脇東洋(やまわき・とうよう)Yamawaki Tōyō(1705~1762)
『蔵志(ぞうし)Zoshi』
同派the same sectの後藤艮山(ごとう・こんざん)Goto Konzanの門弟disciple山脇東洋(やまわき・とうよう)Yamawaki Tōyō(1705~1762)は、わが国最初の人体解剖Japan's first human dissectionを行って『蔵志(ぞうし)Zoshi』を出版し、実験的精神experimental spiritの重要性importanceを強調した。
Toyo Yamawaki
(1705-1762), a disciple of Goto Konzan, of the same sect, conducted Japan's
first human dissection and published "Zoshi", an experimental book.
He emphasized the importance of spirit.
He emphasized the
importance of an experimental spirit.
前野良沢(まえの・りょうたく)Maeno Ryōtaku(1723~1803)
杉田玄白(すぎた・げんぱく)Sugita
Genpaku(1733~1817)
中川淳庵(なかがわ・じゅんあん)Nakagawa
Jun'an(1739~1786)
桂川甫周(かつらがわ・ほしゅう)Katsuragawa
Hoshū(1754~1809)
ヨハン・アダム・クルムスJohann
Adam Kulmus
『ターヘル・アナトミアTāheru Anatomia』
『解体新書(かいたい・しんしょ)Kaitai Shinsho(New
Text on Anatomy)』
豊前(ぶぜん)Buzen Province中津藩(なかつはん)医a
physician of the Nakatsu domain前野良沢(まえの・りょうたく)Maeno Ryōtaku(1723~1803)は、若狭藩(わかさ・はん)医a physician of the Wakasa domain杉田玄白(すぎた・げんぱく)Sugita Genpaku(1733~1817)・中川淳庵(なかがわ・じゅんあん)Nakagawa Jun'an(1739~1786)・桂川甫周(かつらがわ・ほしゅう)Katsuragawa Hoshū(1751~1809)らとともに、ドイツ人the GermanクルムスKulmusの解剖学書the
German anatomical bookのオランダ語訳the Dutch translation本『ターヘル・アナトミアTāheru Anatomia』を、4か年の歳月four yearsを費やして翻訳translatingし、1774年(安永3年)『解体新書(かいたい・しんしょ)Kaitai Shinsho(New
Text on Anatomy)』として刊行publishedした。
Ryotaku Maeno (1723-1803),
a physician of the Nakatsu domain in Buzen, Genpaku Sugita (1733-1817), and
Junan Nakagawa (1739-1786), a physician of the Wakasa domain. ), Katsuragawa
Hoshu (1751-1809), and others, he spent four years translating the Dutch
translation of the German anatomical book Taher Anatomia. , published in 1774
(Kaitai Shinsho) as Kaitai Shinsho.
He spent four years
translating the Dutch translation of the German anatomical book ``Taher
Anatomia'' and published it as ``Kaitai Shinsho'' in 1774 (Yasunei 3).
これは西洋医学Western medicineの最初の体系的研究the first systematic studyで、蘭学発展the development of Dutch studiesに一時期を画した。
This was the first
systematic study of Western medicine and marked a period in the development of
Dutch studies.
『蘭学事始(らんがく・ことはじめ)Rangaku Kotohajime(The
Beginning of Dutch Studies)』
杉田玄白(すぎた・げんぱく)Sugita
Genpakuの『蘭学事始(らんがく・ことはじめ)Rangaku Kotohajime(The
Beginning of Dutch Studies)』には、翻訳の苦心the hardships of translationとその後における蘭学興隆the rise of Dutch studiesの機運が書き残されている。
Genpaku Sugita's
``Rangaku Kotohajime'' (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) records the hardships
of translation and the subsequent momentum for the rise of Dutch studies.
宇田川玄随(うだがわ・げんずい)Udagawa Genzui(1755~1797)
宇田川玄随(うだがわ・げんずい)Udagawa Genzui(1755~1797)はオランダの内科医書Dutch manual on internal medicineを翻訳translatedして、『西説内科撰要(せいせつ・ないか・せんよう)Seisetsu Naika Senyo』を刊行publishedするとともに、内科the Department of Internal Medicineを創設foundedした。
Genzui Udagawa
(1755-1797) translated a Dutch manual on internal medicine, published ``Sei
Setsu Naika Senyo,'' and founded the Department of Internal Medicine. did.
大槻玄沢(おおつき・げんたく)Ōtsuki Gentaku(1757~1827)
大槻玄沢(おおつき・げんたく)Ōtsuki
Gentaku(1757~1827)は杉田玄白(すぎた・げんぱく)Sugita Genpaku・前野良沢(まえの・りょうたく)Maeno Ryōtakuを師とし、1788年(天明8年)蘭学入門書introductory book on Dutch studiesである『蘭学階梯(らんがく・かいてい)Rangaku Kaitei』を著し、江戸Edoに開いた芝蘭堂(しらんどう)Shirandoとともに、蘭学勃興the rise of Dutch studiesに大きく貢献した。
Gentaku Otsuki
(1757-1827), who studied under Genpaku Sugita and Ryotaku Maeno, wrote an
introductory book on Western studies in 1788 (Tenmei 8). He wrote ``Kaitei''
and, along with Shirando, which he opened in Edo, greatly contributed to the
rise of Dutch studies.
稲村三伯(いなむら・さんぱく)Inamura
Sampaku(1758~1811)
大槻玄沢(おおつき・げんたく)Ōtsuki
Gentakuの門人student稲村三伯(いなむら・さんぱく)Inamura
Sampaku(1758~1811)は、オランダ人the DutchハルマHalmaの『蘭仏辞書(らんふつ・じしょ)Dutch-French Dictionary』をもとに最初の蘭日辞典(らんにち・じてん)Dutch-Japanese dictionary『ハルマ和解(はるま・わげ)Halma's Dutch-Japanese dictionary』を刊行した。
Sanpaku Inamura
(1758-1811), a student of Gentaku Otsuki, created the first Dutch-Japanese
dictionary, Halma Reconciliation, based on Dutch Halma's Dutch-French Dictionary.
``Ge)'' was published.
カール・ツンベルクCarl Peter
Thunberg
オランダの医官Dutch medical
officerとして来日したスウェーデン人SwedeツンベルクCarl Peter
Thunbergは、『日本植物誌(にほんしょくぶつし)Japanese Plant History』・『日本植物図譜(にほん・しょくぶつ・ずふ)Japanese Plant Illustrated Book』を著して西欧の植物学界Western botanical worldに日本の植物Japanese plantsを紹介introducedした。
Thunberg, a Swede who
came to Japan as a Dutch medical officer, introduced Japanese plants to the
Western botanical world by writing ``Japanese Plant History'' and ``Japanese
Plant Illustrated Book.''
宇田川榕庵(うだがわ・ようあん)Udagawa Yōan(1798~1846)
宇田川榕庵(うだがわ・ようあん)Udagawa Yōan(1798~1846)は、リンネの植物分類法Linnaeus' method of classifying plantsを紹介した『菩多尼訶経(ぼたにか・きょう)Botanikakyō』を刊行した。
Yoan Udagawa (1798-1846)
published the Bodani Sutra, which introduced Linnaeus' method of classifying
plants.
また『植学啓原(しょくがく・けいげん)Shokugaku Keigen』を著し、植物学の研究法research methods for botanyなどを述べた。
He also wrote ``Botany
Keihara,'' in which he described research methods for botany.
『舎密開宗(せいみ・かいそう)Seimi Kaisou』
宇田川榕庵(うだがわ・ようあん)Udagawa Yōanはイギリス人EnglishヘンリーHenryの『実験化学原理Principles of Experimental Chemistry』を翻訳translatedし、日本最初Japan's
firstの化学体系書chemical system book『舎密開宗(せいみ・かいそう)Seimi Kaisou』を刊行publishedした(舎密(せいみ)Seimiはオランダ語the Dutch word Cheimie(化学chemistry)の訳translation)。
Youan Udagawa translated
English Henry Henry's Principles of Experimental Chemistry and published
Japan's first chemical system book, Seimi Kaisou (Seimi Kaisou). (mi) is a
translation of the Dutch word Cheimie (chemistry).
平賀源内(ひらが・げんない)Hiraga Gennai(1728~1779)
橋本宗吉(はしもと・そうきち)Hashimoto
Sokichi
18世紀後半the latter half of the 18th century、平賀源内(ひらが・げんない)Hiraga Gennai(1728~1779)は寒暖計thermometerやエレキテルelectric cellを作製し、橋本宗吉(はしもと・そうきち)Hashimoto Sokichiは電気実験electrical experimentsを試みた。
In the latter half of the
18th century, Gennai Hiraga (1728-1779) created a thermometer and electric
cell, and Sokichi Hashimoto attempted electrical experiments.
帆足万里(ほあし・ばんり)Hoashi Banri(1778~1852)
その後青地林宗(あおち・りんそう)Aochi Rinsoの『気海観瀾(きかい・かんらん)Kikai Kanran』や帆足万里(ほあし・ばんり)Hoashi Banri(1778~1852)の『窮理通(きゅうり・つう)Kyuuritsu』が相次いで刊行された。
Afterwards, Rinso Aochi's
``Kikai Kanran'' and Banri Hoashi's ``Kyuuritsu'' (1778-1852) were published
one after another.
本木良永(もとき・よしなが)Motoki Yoshinaga(1735~1794)
志筑忠雄(しづき・ただお)Shizuki Tadao(1760~1806)
長崎(ながさき)Nagasakiの通詞(つうじ)(通訳)interpreter(通訳兼商務官interpreter and commercial official)本木良永(もとき・よしなが)Motoki Yoshinaga(1735~1794)は、『天地二球用法(てんち・にきゅう・ようほう)Usage of Heaven, Earth, and Two Spheres』を著してコペルニクスの地動説Copernicus's heliocentric theoryを紹介し、その門人disciple志筑忠雄(しづき・ただお)Shizuki Tadao(1760~1806)は『暦象新書(れきしょう・しんしょ)Rekisho Shinsho』を著して、ニュートンの引力説Newton's theory of gravityや地動説heliocentrismを紹介した。
Yoshinaga Motoki
(1735-1794), a Nagasaki interpreter (interpreter and commercial official),
introduced Copernicus's heliocentric theory in his book ``Usage of Heaven,
Earth, and Two Spheres,'' and promoted his disciple Shizuku. Tadao Shizuki
(1760-1806) wrote ``Rekisho Shinsho'' and introduced Newton's theory of gravity
and heliocentrism.
高橋至時(たかはし・よしとき)Takahashi
Yoshitoki(1764~1804)
伊能忠敬(いのう・ただたか)Inō Tadataka(1745~1818)
天文学者astronomer高橋至時(たかはし・よしとき)Takahashi Yoshitoki(1764~1804)の門人disciple伊能忠敬(いのう・ただたか)Inō Tadataka(1745~1818)は、1800年から17年間、蝦夷地(えぞち)Ezochiをはじめ全国沿岸the coasts of Japanを実測actual measurementsし、『大日本沿海輿地全図(だいにほん・えんかいよち・ぜんず)Dainihon Enkaiyochi Zenzu』の作成に当たった。
Tadataka Ino (1745-1818),
a disciple of astronomer Yoshitoki Takahashi (1764-1804), spent 17 years from
1800 making actual measurements along the coasts of Japan, including Ezochi. He
created the ``Dainihon Enkaiyochi Zenzu''.
高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi
Kageyasu(1785~1829)
しかし完成途中で没し、あとを高橋至時(たかはし・よしとき)Takahashi Yoshitokiの子son高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi
Kageyasu(1785~1829)が引き継ぎ、3年後の1821年(文政4年)完成completedした。
However, he died midway
through completion, and Takahashi Yoshitoki's son, Takahashi Kageyasu
(1785-1829), took over the work and completed the work three years later, in
1821 (Bunsei 4).
シーボルトPhilipp Franz
von Siebold(1796~1866)
鳴滝塾(なるたき・じゅく)Narutaki Juku
1823年(文政6年)、オランダ商館Dutch trading postの医官medical officerとして着任したドイツ人GermanシーボルトPhilipp Franz
von Siebold(1796~1866)は、幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateの許可permissionを得て、長崎(ながさき)郊外suburb of Nagasaki鳴滝(なるたき)Narutakiに診療所clinic兼学塾cram school(鳴滝塾(なるたき・じゅく)Narutaki Juku)を開いた。
In 1823, Siebold
(1796-1866), a German who was appointed as a medical officer at a Dutch trading
post, obtained permission from the shogunate to open a clinic and cram school
(Narutaki Juku) in Narutaki, a suburb of Nagasaki. (Narutakijuku)) was opened.
『日本植物誌(にほん・しょくぶつし)Japanese Botany』
シーボルトPhilipp Franz
von Sieboldは、医学medicineをはじめ天文学astronomy・暦学calendrology・地理学geography・植物学botanyなどを教え、6年余の滞在中に『日本動物誌(にほん・どうぶつし)Japanese Zoology』・『日本植物誌(にほん・しょくぶつし)Japanese Botany』を完成した。
Siebold taught medicine
as well as astronomy, calendrology, geography, and botany, and completed his
``Japanese Zoology'' and ``Japanese Botany'' during his six-year stay.
出島(でじま)Dejima(exit island)
出島(でじま)Dejima(exit island)
1828年(文政11年)、シーボルトPhilipp Franz von Siebold(1796~1866)は、帰国に際して天文方(てんもん・がた)Tenmongata(Astronomical Department)高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi Kageyasu(1785~1829)から贈られた日本地図map of Japanを所持していることが発覚し、1年間出島(でじま)Dejima(exit island)に軟禁house
arrestされたあと、国外追放deported・再入国禁止banned from re-entering the countryの処分を受けた(シーボルト事件the Siebold Incident)。
In 1828 (Bunsei 11),
Siebold (1796-1866) returned to Japan with a map of Japan given to him by Tenmongata
Takahashi Kageyasu (1785-1829). After being placed under house arrest on Dejima
for a year, he was deported and banned from re-entering the country.
関係者は処罰punishedされ、また高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi Kageyasuは獄死died in prisonした。
Those involved were
punished, and Kageyasu Takahashi died in prison.
伊東玄朴(いとう・げんぼく)Itō Genboku
小関三英(おぜき・さんえい)Ozeki Sanei(1787~1839)
高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)Takano Chōei(1804~1850)
シーボルトPhilipp Franz
von Sieboldの門下disciplesからは伊東玄朴(いとう・げんぼく)Itō Genboku・小関三英(おぜき・さんえい)Ozeki Sanei(1787~1839)・高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)(1804~1850)ら数十人におよぶ俊英の学者brilliant
scholarsが輩出した。
His disciples produced
dozens of brilliant scholars, including Genboku Ito, Ozeki Sanei (1787-1839),
and Takano Choei (1804-1850). did.
適塾(てきじゅく)Tekijuku(適々斎塾(てきてきさい・じゅく)Tekitekisaijuku)
緒方洪庵(おがた・こうあん)Ogata Kōan(1810~1863)
橋本左内(はしもと・さない)Hashimoto Sanai(1834~1859)
大村益次郎(おおむら・ますじろう)Ōmura Masujirō(村田蔵六(むらた・ぞうろく)Murata Zoroku)(1825~1869)
福沢諭吉(ふくざわ・ゆきち)Fukuzawa Yukichi(1834~1901)
佐野常民(さの・つねたみ)Sano
Tsunetami(1822~1902)
箕作秋坪(みつくり・しゅうへい)Mitsukuri
Shuhei
また1838年(天保9年)、緒方洪庵(おがた・こうあん)Ogata Kōan(1810~1863)が大坂Osakaに開設establishedした適塾(てきじゅく)Tekijuku(適々斎塾(てきてきさい・じゅく)Tekitekisaijuku)からは、橋本左内(はしもと・さない)Hashimoto Sanai(1834~1859)・大村益次郎(おおむら・ますじろう)Ōmura Masujirō(村田蔵六(むらた・ぞうろく)Murata Zoroku)(1825~1869)・福沢諭吉(ふくざわ・ゆきち)Fukuzawa Yukichi(1834~1901)・佐野常民(さの・つねたみ)Sano Tsunetami(1822~1902)・箕作秋坪(みつくり・しゅうへい)Mitsukuri Shuheiら、各方面の指導者leaders in various fieldsが輩出した。
In addition, in 1838
(Tenpo 9), Ogata Koan (1810-1863) established Tekijuku (Tekiteki Saijuku) in
Osaka. , Sanai Hashimoto (1834-1859), Zoroku Murata (Masjiro Omura)
(1825-1869), Yukichi Fukuzawa (1834-1901), Tsunetami Sano It was produced by
leaders in various fields, including Notsunetami (1822-1902) and Shuhei
Mitsukuri.
高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi
Kageyasu(1785~1829)
蛮(蕃)書和解御用掛(ばんしょ・わげ・ごよう)Bansho wage goyo 1811年
大槻玄沢(おおつき・げんたく)Ōtsuki Gentaku(1757~1827)
『厚生新編(こうせい・しんぺん)the Kosei Shinpen』
幕府の洋学
Western Studies of the Shogunate
蘭学の実用性the
practicality of Dutch studiesや欧米諸国の調査・研究investigation and research in Western countriesの必要から、幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateは天文方(てんもん・がた)Tenmongata(Astronomical Department)高橋景保(たかはし・かげやす)Takahashi Kageyasuの建議proposalを入れて、1811年(文化8年)蛮(蕃)書和解御用(ばんしょ・わげ・ごよう)Bansho wage goyo掛を設置し、大槻玄沢(おおつき・げんたく)ら一流の蘭学者leading Dutch scholarsを集めて、フランスの百科辞典the French encyclopediaの蘭訳本the Dutch translationを翻訳translateし、『厚生新編(こうせい・しんぺん)the Kosei Shinpen』として完成させた。
In view of the
practicality of Dutch studies and the need for investigation and research in
Western countries, the shogunate adopted the proposal of Tenmongata Kageyasu
Takahashi, and in 1811 (Bunka 8th year), banned A Banshowagegoyo desk was set
up, and leading Dutch scholars such as Gentaku Otsuki were assembled to
translate the Dutch translation of the French encyclopedia, which was completed
as the Kosei Shinpen. I let it happen.
蛮(蕃)書和解御用掛(ばんしょ・わげ・ごよう)Bansho wage goyo 1811年
洋学所(ようがく・しょ)Western
school 1855年(安政2年)
蕃書調所(ばんしょ・しらべしょ)Bansho
Shirabesho 1856年
さらに1855年(安政2年)には、蛮(蕃)書和解御用(ばんしょ・わげ・ごよう)Bansho wage goyo掛を独立させて洋学所(ようがく・しょ)Western schoolとし、翌1856年蕃書調所(ばんしょ・しらべしょ)Bansho Shirabesho(Institute
for the Study of Barbarian Books)と改称し、蘭学(らんがく)Dutch studiesばかりでなく、英語English・仏語Frenchや地理学geography・窮理学(きゅうりがく)(物理学physics)・化学chemistry・兵学military tacticsなどの西洋諸科学various Western sciencesの教授が行われた。
Furthermore, in 1855 (2nd
year of Ansei), the Banshogegoyo was made independent and became a Western
school, and the following year, in 1856, it was renamed the Banshosho Research
Institute. In addition to Dutch studies, various Western sciences such as
English, French, geography, physics, chemistry, and military tactics were
taught.
種痘館(しゅとう・かん)Vaccination
museum
種痘所(しゅとう・しょ)Vaccination
station 1860年(万延1年)
医学所(いがく・じょ)Medical
School
種痘館(しゅとう・かん)Vaccination
museum
種痘所(しゅとう・しょ)Vaccination
station 1860年(万延1年)
また蘭学者Dutch scholarが創立foundedした種痘館(しゅとう・かん)Vaccination museumは、1860年(万延1年)種痘所(しゅとう・しょ)Vaccination stationとなり、幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateの直轄under the direct controlとなった。
In addition, the Shuto,
which was founded by a Dutch scholar, became a vaccination center in 1860 and came
under the direct control of the shogunate.
高島秋帆(たかしま・しゅうはん)Takashima Shūhan(1798~1866)
幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateは、長崎(ながさき)Nagasaki町年寄(まちどしより)Machidoshiyoriの高島秋帆(たかしま・しゅうはん)Takashima Shūhan(1798~1866)を招いて洋式砲術Western-style gunneryの教授を行わせた。
The shogunate invited
Shuhan Takashima (1798-1866), an old man from Nagasaki Town, to teach
Western-style gunnery.
江川英龍(えがわ・ひでたつ)Egawa Hidetatsu(坦庵(たんあん)Tanan)(太郎左衛門(たろうざえもん)Tarōzaemon)(1801~1855)
反射炉(はんしゃろ)Reverberatory furnace
また、その門人discipleで伊豆(いず)Izu Province(静岡県Shizuoka Prefecture)韮山(にらやま)Nirayamaの代官(だいかん)Daikan江川英龍(えがわ・ひでたつ)Egawa Hidetatsu(坦庵(たんあん)Tanan)(太郎左衛門(たろうざえもん))Tarōzaemon(1801年~1855年)も韮山(にらやま)Nirayamaに反射炉(はんしゃろ)を築いてbuilt銃砲を鋳造cast gunsした。
Also, his disciple
Hidetatsu Egawa (Tanan) (Tarozaemon) (1801-1855), the magistrate of Nirayama,
Izu, also served as Nirayama. He built a reverberatory furnace in Nirayama and
cast guns.
モリソン号事件the Morrison Incident
1837年(天保8年)、アメリカ商船the American merchant shipモリソン号the Morrisonが日本人漂流民Japanese driftersを送還repatriatingしながら、幕府(ばくふ)the shogunateに通商を求めてseek trade来航したが、異国船打払令(いこくせん・うちはらいれい)Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels(無二念打払令(むにねん・うちはらいれい)Muninen Uchiharai Rei)(1825年(文政8年))が出ていたため砲撃にあい退去したattacked by artillery and evacuated(モリソン号事件the Morrison Incident)。
In 1837 (Tempo 8), the
American merchant ship Morrison came to the shogunate to seek trade while
repatriating Japanese drifters, but the order to destroy foreign ships was issued.
(1825 (Bunsei 8)), the ship was attacked by artillery and evacuated (Morrison
Incident).
渡辺崋山(わたなべ・かざん)Watanabe Kazan(1793年~1841年)
高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)Takano Chōei(1804~1850)
小関三英(おぜき・さんえい)Ozeki Sanei(1787~1839)
翌1838年(天保9年)、江戸Edoで尚歯会(しょうし・かい)Shoshikaiという蘭学研究会Dutch studies research groupを作っていた渡辺崋山(わたなべ・かざん)Watanabe Kazan(1793年~1841年)・高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)Takano Chōei(1804~1850)・小関三英(こせき・さんえい)Koseki Sanei(1787~1839)らが、モリソン号事件the Morrison Incidentをめぐって幕政批判criticized the Shogunate governmentを行い、渡辺崋山(わたなべ・かざん)Watanabe Kazanは『慎機論(しんき・ろん)Shinkiron』を、高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)Takano Chōeiは『戊戌夢物語(ぼじゅつ・ゆめものがたり)`Bojutsu Yume Monogatari』を著して世界の情勢the state of the worldを説き、異国船打払令(いこくせん・うちはらいれい)orders to destroy foreign shipsの無謀さthe recklessnessを警告warnedした。
The
following year, 1838, Watanabe Kazan (1793-1841) and Takano Choei (1793-1841),
who had founded a Dutch studies research group called Shoshikai in Edo.
(1804-1850), Koseki Sanei (1787-1839) and others criticized the Shogunate
government regarding the Morrison Incident, Watanabe Kazan wrote
"Shinkiron", Choei Takano wrote ``Bojutsu Yume Monogatari'' (Bojutsu
Yume Monogatari), in which he explained the state of the world and warned of
the recklessness of orders to destroy foreign ships.
蛮社の獄(ばんしゃ・の・ごく)Bansha no goku(Indictment
of the society for western (or barbarian) study)
林述斎(はやし・じゅっさい)Hayashi
Jussai(1768~1841)
鳥居耀蔵(とりい・ようぞう)Torii Yōzō(鳥居忠耀(とりい・ただあき)Torii Tadaaki)
しかし1839年(天保10年)、大学頭(だいがく・の・かみ)Daigaku no Kami(head
of the university)林述斎(はやし・じゅっさい)Hayashi Jussaiの子sonでのち町奉行(まちぶぎょう)the town magistrate鳥居耀蔵(とりい・ようぞう)Torii Yōzōの小笠原島渡航を企てたplotted to travel to Ogasawara Islandという讒訴(ざんそ)false accusationにより、渡辺崋山(わたなべ・かざん)Watanabe Kazan・高野長英(たかの・ちょうえい)Takano Chōeiらは厳しく処罰severely punishedされた(蛮社の獄(ばんしゃ・の・ごく)Bansha no goku)。
However, in 1839 (Tenpo
10), a false accusation was made that Yozo Torii, the son of the head of the university,
Jussai Hayashi, who later became the town magistrate, had plotted to travel to
Ogasawara Island. , Watanabe Kazan, Takano Choei, and others were severely
punished (Bansha no Goku).
荻生徂徠(おぎゅう・そらい)Ogyū Sorai(1666~1728)
太宰春台(だざい・しゅんだい)Dazai Shundai(1680~1747)
経世思想の展開
Development of Secular Thought
太宰春台(だざい・しゅんだい)Dazai Shundai
18世紀前期、荻生徂徠(おぎゅう・そらい)Ogyū Soraiの門人discipleで、『経済録(けいざい・ろく)Keizai Roku』・『産語(さんご)Sango』を著し、武士の農耕への復帰the return of samurai to agricultureと、専売制the
monopoly systemによる町人文化merchant culture=重商主義(じゅうしょう・しゅぎ)Mercantilismを主張した。
In the early 18th century, he was a disciple of Ogyu Sorai and wrote ``Keizai Roku'' and ``Sango,'' which advocated the return of samurai to agriculture and the monopoly system of merchant culture = mercantilism.
安藤昌益(あんどう・しょうえき)Andō Shōeki(1703~1762)
安藤昌益(あんどう・しょうえき)Andō Shōeki
18世紀の中頃秋田Akitaに生まれ、陸奥国(むつのくに)Mutsu Province八戸(はちのへ)Hachinohe(青森県Aomori Prefecture八戸市)で医業medicineにたずさわっていた安藤昌益(あんどう・しょうえき)Andō Shōeki(1703~1762)は、『自然真営道(しぜん・しんえいどう)Shizen Shineido』・『統道真伝(とうどう・しんでん)Todo Shinden』を著し、徹底した反封建的思想anti-feudal ideologyを展開した。
Ando Shoueki, who was
born in Akita in the mid-18th century and practiced medicine in Hachinohe,
Mutsu Province (Hachinohe City, Aomori Prefecture), was the founder of the
``Shizen Shineido.'' )) and ``Todo Shinden'', and developed a thorough
anti-feudal ideology.
海保青陵(かいほ・せいりょう)Kaiho Seiryō(1755~1817)
海保青陵(かいほ・せいりょう)Kaiho Seiryō
丹後(たんご)Tango Province宮津藩(みやづはん)Miyazu Domainの家老(かろう)chief retainerであった海保青陵(かいほ・せいりょう)Kaiho Seiryō(1755~1817)は、『稽古談(けいこ・だん)Keikodan』において、武士samuraiが商品経済commodity economy・貨幣経済monetary economyを蔑視contemptすることの誤りを指摘し、藩営専売制度domain-run monopoly systemの実施によって富国強兵enriching the country and strengthening the militaryを行い、積極的activeな封建制の再建reconstruction of the feudal systemを主唱した。
Kaiho Seiryo, a chief
retainer of the Miyazu domain in Tango, pointed out the error of samurai's
contempt for the commodity economy and monetary economy in his
"Keikodan" and emphasized the importance of the domain-run monopoly system.
By implementing this policy, he promoted the idea of enriching the country and
strengthening the military, and advocated the active reconstruction of the
feudal system.
本多利明(ほんだ・としあき)Honda
Toshiaki(1744~1821)
本多利明(ほんだ・としあき)Honda
Toshiaki
越後出身の本多利明(ほんだ・としあき)Honda Toshiakiは、『西域物語(せいいき・ものがたり)Seiiki Monogatari』・『経世秘策(けいせい・ひさく)Keisei Hisaku』を著して、開国Opening of the country・海防論theory of coastal defenseを展開した。
Toshiaki Honda, a native
of Echigo, wrote ``Seiki Monogatari'' and ``Keisei Hisaku,'' in which he
developed a theory of opening up the country and coastal defense.
彼は、鎖国National Isolationが国運衰退の原因the cause of the decline in national fortunesであるとして開国Opening
of the countryの必要needを論じ、官営貿易government-managed tradeによる富国enriching the country策をとることや、北方の開発・防備the development and defense of the northの重要性importanceを説いた。
He argued for the need to
open up the country, arguing that isolation was the cause of the decline in
national fortunes, and advocated the importance of enriching the country
through government-managed trade and the development and defense of the north.
佐藤信淵(さとう・のぶひろ)Satō Nobuhiro(1769~1850)
佐藤信淵(さとう・のぶひろ)Satō Nobuhiro
出羽(でわ)Dewa Province(山形県Yamagata Prefectureと秋田県Akita Prefecture)の佐藤信淵(さとう・のぶひろ)Satō Nobuhiro(1769~1850)は、農学agriculture・蘭学Dutch studies・兵学military tactics・天文学astronomyなどの諸学various subjectsを修め、『農政本論(のうせい・ほんろん)Main Theory of Agricultural Policy』・『経済要録(けいざい・ようろく)Keizai Yoroku』・『宇内混同秘策(うだい・こんどう・ひさく)Udai's Secret Plan to Confuse Udai』などを著した。
Nobuhiro Sato of Dewa
studied various subjects such as agriculture, Dutch studies, military tactics,
and astronomy, and wrote books such as ``Main Theory of Agricultural Policy'',
``Keizai Yoroku'', and ``Udai's Secret Plan to Confuse Unai.''
彼は産業を国営化nationalize industryすること、貿易の振興のため海外に植民地を設営establish overseas coloniesすることなどの必要を説き、絶対主義的な統一国家absolutist unified stateの形成formationや重商主義政策mercantilist policiesの採用を論じた。
He advocated the need to
nationalize industry and establish overseas colonies to promote trade, and
argued for the formation of an absolutist unified state and the adoption of
mercantilist policies.
大蔵永常(おおくら・ながつね)Ōkura
Nagatsune(1768~?)
大蔵永常(おおくら・ながつね)Ōkura
Nagatsune
豊後(ぶんご)Bungo Province(大分県Ōita Prefecture)の大蔵永常(おおくら・ながつね)Ōkura Nagatsune(1768~?)は『広益国産考(こうえき・こくさん・こう)Koueki kokusan kou』・『農具便利論(のうぐ・べんり・ろん)Agricultural Tools Convenience Theory』を著し、民政の安定stable
civil governmentが国富の道the path to national wealthであると説き、各種の商品作物various commercial cropsの紹介や、施肥fertilization・農具agricultural toolsの改良improvingに貢献した。
Okura Nagatsune of Bungo
wrote ``Kouekikokusankou'' and ``Agricultural Tools Convenience Theory'' and
preached that a stable civil government was the path to national wealth. He
contributed to introducing various commercial crops and improving fertilization
and agricultural tools.
二宮尊徳(にのみや・そんとく)Ninomiya
Sontoku(1787~1856)
二宮尊徳(にのみやそんとく)Ninomiya Sontoku
相模(さがみ)Sagami Province(神奈川県(かながわけん)Kanagawa Prefecture)の農家farming familyの出身で、荒廃した農村の復興rebuild devastated farming villagesに努め、領主the
feudal lordも農村の再建farming village is rebuiltが果たされるまで年貢を軽減reduce the annual taxし、農業施設の整備maintain agricultural facilitiesや資金の蓄積accumulate
fundsを農民に行わせることが得策とする独自の農学説unique agricultural scienceを説き、実際に農村rural villagesに入って指導guidanceに当たった。
He is from a farming
family in Sagami and has a unique agricultural science that strives to rebuild
devastated farming villages, and that it is a good idea for the feudal lord to
reduce the annual tax until the farming village is rebuilt, and to let the
farmers maintain agricultural facilities and accumulate funds. He preached his
theory and actually went into rural villages to provide guidance.
大原幽学(おおはら・ゆうがく)Ōhara Yūgaku(1797~1858)
大原幽学(おおはら・ゆうがく)Ōhara Yūgaku
大原幽学(おおはら・ゆうがく)Ōhara Yūgaku(1797~1858)も、勤倹貯蓄thrift
savingsと生活の合理化rationalization of lifeが農村復興restore rural villagesの唯一の道the only wayと主唱し、下総国(しもうさの・くに)Shimousa Province(千葉県Chiba Prefecture北部)に住んで農業技術の改良improved agricultural technology・耕地整理organized
arable landを行い、信用組合credit unionの先駆pioneeringをなす先祖株組合(せんぞ・かぶくみあい)ancestral stock associationの結成formationを勧めた。
Yugaku Ohara also advocated
that thrift savings and rationalization of life were the only way to restore
rural villages.He lived in Shimousa Province, improved agricultural technology,
organized arable land, and established a credit union. He recommended the
formation of a pioneering ancestral stock association.
懐徳堂(かいとく・どう)Kaitokudō
富永仲基(とみなが・なかもと)Tominaga
Nakamoto(1715~1746)
富永仲基(とみなが・なかもと)Tominaga
Nakamoto
懐徳堂(かいとく・どう)Kaitokudō
school出身の富永仲基(とみなが・なかもと)Tominaga Nakamoto(1715~1746)は、儒教Confucianism・仏教Buddhism・神道Shintoの教学teachingsを鋭く批判criticizedし、特に『出定後語(しゅつじょう・こうご)Shutsujokogo』で仏教Buddhismを批判し、仏教Buddhism本来の思想original
thoughtと展開developmentを記述した。
Tominaga Nakamoto, a
member of the Kaitokudo school, sharply criticized the teachings of
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shinto, and particularly criticized Buddhism in
Shutsujokogo. He criticized and described the original thought and development
of Buddhism.
山片蟠桃(やまがた・ばんとう)Yamagata
Bantō(1748~1821)
山片蟠桃(やまがた・ばんとう)Yamagata
Bantō
同じく懐徳堂(かいとく・どう)Kaitokudōで学んだ山片蟠桃(やまがた・ばんとう)Yamagata Bantō(1748~1821)(両替商money exchange business升屋(ますや)Masuyaの番頭head)は『夢の代(ゆめのしろ)Yume no Shiro』を著し、地動説heliocentrism theoryをとり、国学(こくがく)Kokugaku(Japanese studies)の神道説Shintoism・仏教Buddhismの須弥山(しゅみさん)説the theory of Mt. Shumisan・朱子学(しゅしがく)Neo-Confucianismの鬼神論(きしんろん)the theory of demonsを否定し、唯物論的傾向materialistic tendencyを示す無神論(むしんろん)atheism(無鬼論(むきろん)Mukiron)を主張した。
Yamagata Banto (head of a
money exchange business, Masuya), who also studied at Kaitokudo, wrote ``Yume
no Shiro'' (Yume no dai), adopted the heliocentrism theory, and established
Shintoism in Japanese studies. He rejected the theory of Mt. Shumisan in
Buddhism, the theory of demons in Neo-Confucianism, and advocated atheism (Mukiron),
which shows a materialistic tendency.
また農民の負担を軽くし、農村産業rural industryの自由な発展と人間の平等human equalityを唱えた。
He also advocated
lightening the burden on farmers, the free development of rural industry, and
human equality.
三浦梅園(みうら・ばいえん)Miura Baien(1723~1789)
三浦梅園(みうら・ばいえん)Miura Baien
三浦梅園(みうら・ばいえん)Miura Baien(1723~1789)は豊後国(ぶんごのくに)Bungo Province(大分県Ōita Prefecture)に生まれ、長崎(ながさき)Nagasakiに遊学した。
Miura Baien (1723-1789)
was born in Bungo Province (Oita Prefecture) and went to Nagasaki to study.
梅園三語(ばいえん・さんご)the three Baien
languagesと言われる『玄語(げんご)Gengo』・『贅語(ぜいご)Zeigo』・『敢語(かんご)Kango』を著し、宇宙論cosmology・自然哲学論natural philosophy・道徳論moralityなどを論じた。
He wrote ``Gengo,'' ``Zeigo,''
and ``Kango,'' which are said to be the three Umezono languages, and discussed
cosmology, natural philosophy, and morality. .
また『価原(かげん)Kagen』では、貨幣・物価の原理the principles of money and pricesを論じ、弁証法的な思惟方法dialectical method of thinkingに立っていた。
In addition, in
``Karihara,'' he discussed the principles of money and prices, based on a
dialectical method of thinking.