日本史19 Japanese history 19
室町幕府 Muromachi
shogunate
足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職1429~1441)
足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasa(在職1449~1473)
戦艦扶桑(ふそう) Battleship Fuso
戦艦扶桑(ふそう) Battleship Fuso
戦艦扶桑(ふそう)Battleship Fusoは、日本海軍Imperial
Japanese Navyの戦艦Battleship。
Battleship Fuso is a
battleship of the Japanese Navy.
扶桑型戦艦(ふそうがた・せんかん)Fuso-class
battleshipsの1番艦Lead ship。
The first of the
Fuso-class battleships.
日本独自の設計Japan's
original designによる初の超弩級戦艦(ちょう・どきゅう・せんかん)Super-dreadnought battleship である。
It is the first
super-dreadnought battleship of Japan's original design.
扶桑(ふそう)Fusoの名nameの由来originは日本国(にほんこく)Japanの古い異名(いみょう)old nicknames(本名、本来の名称以外の名)の一つである。
The origin of the name
Fuso is one of Japan's old nicknames (real name, name other than the original
name).
戦艦扶桑(ふそう) Battleship Fuso
日露戦争Russo-Japanese
War後の1906年(明治39年)、イギリスBritish Empireが弩級戦艦(どきゅう・せんかん)Dreadnought battleshipドレッドノートBattleship Dreadnoughtを就役commissionedさせると、列強各国の間で建艦競争war to build shipsが勃発outbreakした。
In 1906 (Meiji 39) after
the Russo-Japanese War, Britain commissioned the dreadnought battleship
Dreadnought, and a war between the great powers broke out to build ships.
弩級戦艦(どきゅう・せんかん)Dreadnought
battleshipはすぐに超弩級戦艦(ちょう・どきゅう・せんかん)Super-dreadnought battleshipへ進化し、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navyも金剛型巡洋戦艦(こんごうがた・じゅんよう・せんかん)Kongo-class battlecruiser 1番艦Lead ship戦艦金剛(こんごう)Battlecruiser KongoをイギリスBritish
Empireに発注し、ヴィッカース社Vickers Shipbuilding Companyの指導・支援の下その同型艦Same type shipを国産domestic productionで建造builtすることでイギリスBritish Empireより新たな技術new techniqueを学ぶ事に成功した。
Dreadnought battleships
quickly evolved into super-dreadnought battleships, and the Japanese Navy
ordered the first Kongo-class battlecruiser, Kongo, from Britain, and under the
guidance and support of Vickers, built the same type of ships domestically. I
succeeded in learning a new technique.
戦艦扶桑(ふそう) Battleship Fuso
扶桑型戦艦(ふそうがた・せんかん)Fuso-class
battleshipsは日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy最初の超弩級戦艦(ちょう・どきゅう・せんかん)Super-dreadnought battleshipである。
The Fuso-class
battleships were the Japanese Navy's first super-dreadnought battleships.
扶桑(ふそう)は第三号戦艦the third battleshipとして1912年(明治45年)3月11日に呉海軍工廠(くれ・かいぐん・こうしょう)Kure Naval Arsenalで起工laid downされた。
Fuso was laid down at the
Kure Naval Arsenal on March 11, 1912 as the third battleship.
1914年(大正3年)3月28日に第三号戦艦the third battleshipは扶桑(ふそう)Fusoと命名name。
On March 28, 1914, the
third battleship was named Fuso.
1915年(大正4年)11月8日に竣工completedした。
It was completed on
November 8, 1915 (Taisho 4).
スリガオ海峡海戦 Battle of
Surigao Strait
扶桑型戦艦(ふそうがた・せんかん)Fuso-class
battleships
1番艦First ship戦艦扶桑(ふそう)Battleship Fuso
2番艦Second ship戦艦山城(やましろ)Battleship Yamashiro
艦歴Ship history
1941年(昭和16年)12月8日 真珠湾攻撃Attack on Pearl Harbor
1942年(昭和17年)6月5日~7日 ミッドウェー海戦Battle of Midway
1944年(昭和19年)6月初旬 渾作戦(こんさくせん)Operation Kon(ビアク島の戦いBattle of Biak)(ニューギニアの戦いNew Guinea Campaign)
1944年(昭和19年)10月23日~25日 レイテ沖海戦Battle
of Leyte Gulf
1944年(昭和19年)10月25日のスリガオ海峡海戦Battle of Surigao Straitで、戦艦扶桑(ふそう)Battleship Fusoは雷撃torpedoされ沈没sunkした。
During the Battle of
Surigao Strait on October 25, 1944, Fuso was torpedoed and sunk.
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takauji(1305年~1358年)(53歳)
源尊氏(みなもとの・たかうじ)Minamoto no
Takauji
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate初代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the first Sei-i Taishōgun(在職:1338年~1358年)
足利貞氏(あしかが・さだうじ)Ashikaga
Sadaujiの次男Second son
足利氏(あしかがし)the Ashikaga
clanは、源義家(みなもとの・よしいえ)Minamoto no Yoshiieの孫grandson源義康(みなもとの・よしやす)Minamoto no
Yoshiyasuが下野国(しもつけの・くに)Shimotsuke Province(栃木県Tochigi Prefecture)足利荘(あしかがの・しょう)Ashikaga no Shoに住して足利(あしかが)を称したのに始まる。
足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga Yoshiakira(在職1358~1367)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第二代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the second Sei-i Taishōgun
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takaujiの三男the Third son
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第三代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the third Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga
Yoshiakiraの長男the First son
第6章 Chapter
6
大名領国制の形成
Formation of the Feudal lord system
第3節 Section 3
室町幕府Muromachi
shogunate
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takauji(在職1338~1358)の時代eraは戦乱の最中(さなか)in the midst of warであり、支配権his powerは全国entire countryに及ばず、政治の組織political organizationも法制legal systemも十分には整っていなかった。
The era of Ashikaga
Takauji (1338-1358) was in the midst of war, and his power did not extend to
the entire country, and neither the political organization nor the legal system
was fully developed.
幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateの確立establishedは、第2代将軍the second
shogun・足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga Yoshiakira(在職1358~1367)(足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takaujiの子son)を経て第3代将軍the third
shogun・足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)(足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga Yoshiakiraの子son)の代に至ってからであり、それは将軍(しょうぐん)shōgunと守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōの妥協compromiseと均衡balanceの上に成立しており、言わば幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateは両者の連合政権coalition governmentとも言える。
The shogunate was
established by the second shogun, Yoshiakira Ashikaga (1358-1367) (son of Takauji
Ashikaga), and then the third shogun, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga (1368-1394). ) (the
son of Yoshiakira Ashikaga), and it was established on the basis of compromise
and balance between the shogun and the shugo daimyo, and the bakufu can be said
to be a coalition government between the two.
花の御所(はな・の・ごしょ)Hana no Gosho
その後、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuは京都(きょうと)Kyotoの室町(むろまち)Muromachi(京都府京都市上京区)に「花の御所(はな・の・ごしょ)Hana no Gosho」と呼ばれた華麗な新邸a splendid new residenceを造営builtし、ここに移ったので、のちに足利氏(あしかがし)the Ashikaga clanの幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate(足利幕府(あしかが・ばくふ)Ashikaga shogunate)を「室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi shogunate」と言うようになった。
After that, Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu built a splendid new residence called "Hana no Gosho" in
Muromachi, Kyoto, and moved here. Later, the Ashikaga clan's shogunate (Ashikaga
Bakufu) came to be called 'Muromachi Bakufu.'
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunateが京都(きょうと)Kyotoを本拠basedとしたのは、政治politics・経済economy・文化cultureに関わる封建領主feudal
lordsとしての性格natureが、鎌倉時代(かまくら・じだい)Kamakura periodと質的に大きく変化changed significantlyしたことによる。
The reason why the
Muromachi bakufu (the Muromachi bakufu) was based in Kyoto was that the nature
of feudal lords involved in politics, economy, and culture changed
significantly from the Kamakura period.
持明院統(じみょういん・とう)Jimyōin-tō朝廷Imperial Courtの維持maintain、全国の武士支配samurai rule over the country上の地理的優位性geographical advantage、多くの商工人many merchants and craftsmenが集住し貨幣経済の中枢the center of the monetary economyである京都を掌握take
control of Kyotoする必要necessaryがあったと考えられる。
It is thought that it was
necessary to maintain the Jimyoin Imperial Court, to take control of Kyoto,
which was the center of the monetary economy and where many merchants and
craftsmen resided, as well as the geographical advantage of samurai rule over
the country.
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuは将軍の権威the authority of the shogunを高めて次第に専制体制autocratic systemを固め、政治機構political systemを整えた。
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
raised the authority of the shogun, gradually solidified the autocratic system,
and established a political system.
将軍shogunの補佐assistantとしてこれまでの執事(しつじ)Shitsuji(Shōgun's Deputy)を改めて管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)とし、そのもとに政所(まんどころ)Mandokoro(the chief governing body)・問注所(もんちゅうじょ)monchujo・侍所(さむらいどころ)Samurai-dokoro(Board
of Retainers)を置いたが、いずれも鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunateよりも職務は縮小されていた。
As an assistant to the
shogun, the former Shitsuji was redesignated as Kanrei, and under them
Mandokoro, Monchujo, and Samuraidokoro were established. However, their duties
were reduced compared to the Kamakura Shogunate.
それに評定衆(ひょうじょうしゅう)Hyōjōshūや引付衆(ひきつけしゅう)Hikitsukeshūを設けたが、実際の事務は奉行(ぶぎょう)Bugyōが執り行い、実力はほとんどなかった。
In addition, Hyojoshu and
Hikitsukeshu were established, but the actual clerical work was handled by
Bugyo, and they had little ability.
細川頼之(ほそかわ・よりゆき)Hosokawa
Yoriyuki(1329~1392)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)は、足利氏(あしかがし)the Ashikaga clanの一族で有力守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)influential shugo daimyoの細川氏(ほそかわし)Hosokawa clan・畠山氏(はたけやまし)Hatakeyama clan・斯波氏(しばし)Shiba clanから交替で任命されたので三管領(さんかんれい)Sankanreiと言った。
The kanrei (kanrei) takes
turns from the Hosokawa, Hatakeyama, and Shiba clans of the Ashikaga clan, who
are influential shugo daimyo. Since he was appointed, he was called Sankanrei.
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)は将軍shogunを補佐assistedし、政務を総轄oversaw government affairsし、幕臣では最高位の職the highest-ranking vassal of the shogunateであった。
Kanrei assisted the
shogun and oversaw government affairs, and was the highest-ranking vassal of
the shogunate.
この点、鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunateの執権(しっけん)Shikken(a regent of the shogunate)に当たるが、執権(しっけん)Shikkenが幕府(ばくふ)shogunateの実権者the
real powerで北条氏the Hojo clanの独占monopolizedであったのに対し、管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)は三家交替in
rotation among the three familiesでしかも将軍shogunの任命appointedによった。
In this respect, he was
the regent of the Kamakura bakufu. by appointment.
In this respect, it
corresponds to the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, but while the regent was the
real power of the bakufu and was monopolized by the Hojo clan,
Kanrei was appointed by
the shogun in rotation among the three families.
畠山基国(はたけやま・もとくに)Hatakeyama Motokuni
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)
将軍(しょうぐん)shogunは鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunateの将軍(しょうぐん)shogunと執権(しっけん)Shikken(a regent of the shogunate)両者の地位を兼ね、管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)は北条氏the
Hojo clanの内管領(ないかんれい)Naikanreiに当たると考えた方がよい。
It is better to think
that the shogun has the position of both the shogun and the regent of the
Kamakura bakufu, and the kanrei corresponds to the inner kanrei of the Hojo
clan.
この点、室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi shogunateは鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunateの職制organizational structureにならいながら、より強固な将軍専制体制shogunal despotism systemを目指したことがわかる。
In this respect, it can
be seen that the Muromachi bakufu aimed at a stronger shogunal despotism system
while following the Kamakura bakufu's organizational structure.
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)ははじめ執事(しつじ)Shitsuji(Shōgun's Deputy)と言われ、将軍家the
shogun familyの家宰(かさい)(家長に代わって家政を取りしきる職責)的地位the
position of a vassalを占めたが、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの代、細川頼之(ほそかわ・よりゆき)Hosokawa Yoriyuki(1329~1392)によって整備establishedされ、管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)の名実the
name and realityが整ったestablished。
Kanrei was initially
called a butler and held the position of a vassal of the shogun family.
1329-1392), and the name and reality of Kanrei were established.
斯波義将(しば・よしゆき)Shiba Yoshiyuki
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)
三管領家(さん・かんれい・け)Three Kanrei Familiesはその領国their
territoryに守護代(しゅごだい)Shugodaiを置いて、四職家(ししき・け)Shishiki Familiesとともに、京都(きょうと)Kyotoに在住lived inすることが多かった。
The sankanreike (three
Kanreike) usually appointed shugodai in their territory and often lived in
Kyoto together with the four shishikike.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War後は勢力が衰えits
power declined、室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)滅亡the fall of the Muromachi Shogunateとともに消滅disappearedした。
After the Onin War, its
power declined and it disappeared with the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate.
山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen(山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo)(1404~1473)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō四職(ししき)Shishiki
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
侍所(さむらいどころ)Samurai-dokoro(Board of Retainers)の長官the headである所司(しょし)shoshiは山城国(やましろの・くに)Yamashiro Province(京都府Kyoto Prefecture南部)の守護(しゅご)Shugo((military) governor)(protector)(constable)を兼ねたので、管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)に次ぐ重職an
important positionとされた。
Shoshi, the head of the
samurai dokoro, also served as the shugo of Yamashiro Province, so it was
regarded as an important position next to kanrei.
所司(しょし)shoshiには山名氏(やまなし)Yamana clan・赤松氏(あかまつし)Akamatsu clan・一色氏(いっしきし)Isshiki clan・京極氏(きょうごくし)Kyōgoku clanの四氏the four clansの守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōが交替で当たり、これを四職(ししき)Shishikiと言った。
Shugo Daimyo of the four
clans, Yamana, Akamatsu, Isshiki, and Kyogoku, take turns to serve as Shoshi. and
this was called Shishiki.
足利基氏(あしかが・もとうじ)Ashikaga
Motouji(1340~1367)
初代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the first Kamakura
kubō
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takaujiの四男the fourth son
地方機関a local institutionとしては特に鎌倉(かまくら)Kamakuraを重視し、ここに鎌倉府(かまくらふ)Kamakura-fu(Kamakura government)(関東府(かんとうふ)Kantō-fu(Kantō government))を置いて関東(かんとう)Kantō八か国8 provincesに伊豆(いず)Izu Province(静岡県Shizuoka
Prefecture)・甲斐(かい)Kai Province(山梨県Yamanashi Prefecture)を加えた10か国10 provinces(のち12か国12 provinces)を管轄controlさせ、足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takaujiの子son足利基氏(あしかが・もとうじ)Ashikaga
Motouji(1340~1367)が初代の長官the first governorの鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubō(鎌倉御所(かまくら・ごしょ)Kamakura gosho)(関東公方(かんとう・くぼう)Kantō kubō)につき、以後は足利基氏(あしかが・もとうじ)Ashikaga Motoujiの子孫descendantsが世襲inheritedした。
As a local institution,
Kamakura was particularly important, and Kamakura Prefecture (Kanto Prefecture)
was established here to control 10 provinces (later 12 provinces) including Izu
and Kai in addition to 8 provinces in the Kanto region. Ashikaga Motouji
(1340-1367), the son of Takauji, was the first governor of Kamakura (Kamakura
Imperial Palace) (Kanto Kokubo). After that, it was inherited by the
descendants of Motouji Ashikaga.
上杉憲顕(うえすぎ・のりあき)Uesugi Noriaki
初代関東管領(かんとう・かんれい)the first Kantō
Kanrei
山内上杉家(やまのうち・うえすぎけ)Yamanouchi Uesugi
Familyの始祖
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takaujiの従兄弟cousin
鎌倉府(かまくらふ)Kamakura-fu(Kamakura government)の組織organizationは幕府(ばくふ)shogunateの機構organizationに準じており、公方(くぼう)Kubōを補佐assistsする関東管領(かんとう・かんれい)Kantō Kanrei(初期に関東執事(かんとう・しつじ)Kantō Shitsuji)に上杉憲顕(うえすぎ・のりあき)Uesugi Noriakiが就き、以来上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi clanが世襲inheritedした。
The organization of the
Kamakura government conforms to that of the shogunate, with Noriaki Uesugi
acting as Kanto Kanrei (early Shitsuji), who assists the Kubo. Noriaki Sugi
took over the position, and since then the Uesugi clan has inherited the
position.
応永(おうえい)年間以後には、東国幕府(とうごく・ばくふ)Eastern Shogunateあるいは東国政権(とうごく・せいけん)Eastern governmentとしての実体the substanceを示した。
After the Ouei era, it
showed the substance of the Togoku Shogunate or the Togoku government.
九州(きゅうしゅう)Kyushu(Nine
Provinces)には九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandaiが置かれて武士の統制control samuraiや外交関係diplomatic relationsに当たり、奥羽(おうう)Ouには奥羽探題(おうう・たんだい)Ou Tandai・羽州探題(うしゅう・たんだい)Ushu Tandaiが置かれ、また諸国each provinceには守護(しゅご)Shugo・地頭(じとう)Jitoが補任(ぶにん)appointedされた。
Kyusyu Tandai was
established in Kyushu to control samurai and diplomatic relations, while Ou
Tandai and Ushu Tandai were established in Ou. In addition, Shugo and Jito were
appointed to each province.
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuが将軍(しょうぐん)shogunとなった当初は、将軍(しょうぐん)shogunの権威authorityは守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōに対しては絶対的なものではなく、その地位positionは有力な守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōの勢力均衡the balance of powerの上に保たれるmaintained有様であった。
When Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
(3rd shogun) (1368-1394) became shogun, the authority of the shogun was not
absolute over the shugo daimyo. Instead, its position was maintained on the
balance of power of the influential shugo daimyo.
そこで足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuは、あらゆる口実pretextをとらえて守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōの抑圧suppressに努めた。
Therefore, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
used every pretext to suppress the Shugo Daimyo.
土岐康行(とき・やすゆき)Toki Yasuyuki(?~1390)
土岐頼康(とき・よりやす)Toki Yoriyasuの弟younger brother
1390年(明徳(めいとく)元年)、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuは美濃(みの)Mino Province(岐阜県(ぎふけん)Gifu Prefecture南部)・尾張(おわり)Owari Province(愛知県(あいちけん)Aichi Prefecture西部)・伊勢(いせ)Ise Province(三重県(みえけん)Mie Prefectureの北中部)3か国の守護(しゅご)Shugo((military) governor)(protector)(constable)を兼ねる土岐氏(ときし)the Toki clanの内紛internal strifeに乗じてこれを討ち、土岐康行(とき・やすゆき)Toki Yasuyuki(?~1390)を滅亡destroyedさせた。
In 1390 (the first year
of Meitoku), Ashikaga Yoshimitsu took advantage of the internal strife of the
Toki clan, who also served as the governors of Mino, Owari, and Ise provinces.
and destroyed Toki Yasuyuki (?-1390).
山名氏(やまなし)the Yamana clanは、山陽(さんよう)San'yō region・山陰(さんいん)San'in regionを中心に11か国 eleven provincesの守護(しゅご)Shugoを一族で兼ねて、日本全体66か国の6分の1 one-sixth of
Japan's 66 countriesに相当したので、六分一殿(ろくぶんのいち・どの)Rokubun no Ichi Dono(六分一衆(ろくぶんのいち・しゅう)Rokubun no Ichi Shu)と呼ばれていた。
山名氏清(やまな・うじきよ)Yamana
Ujikiyo(1344~1391)
明徳の乱(めいとく・の・らん)Meitoku
Rebellion
翌1391年(明徳(めいとく)2年)には、一族で山陽(さんよう)San'yō region・山陰(さんいん)San'in region 11か国 eleven provincesの守護(しゅご)Shugoを兼ねた山名氏(やまなし)the Yamana clanの相続inheritanceをめぐる内紛internal disputeに介入intervenedして山名氏清(やまな・うじきよ)Yamana Ujikiyo(1344~1391)を倒したdefeated(明徳の乱(めいとく・の・らん)Meitoku Rebellion)。
In the following year,
1391 (the second year of Meitoku), Ujikiyo Yamana intervened in an internal
dispute over the inheritance of the Yamanashi clan, who also served as the
guardians of the eleven provinces of Sanyo and Sanin. Yamana Ujikiyo
(1344-1391) defeated (Meitoku no Ran).
足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga
Mitsukane(1378~1409)
鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubō
足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga
Mochiujiの父father
応永の乱(おうえい・の・らん)Ōei Rebellion
大内義弘(おおうち・よしひろ)Ōuchi
Yoshihiro(1356~1399)
応永の乱(おうえい・の・らん)Ōei Rebellion
大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi
clanは6か国 six provincesの守護(しゅご)Shugoを兼ねていた。
また1399年(応永(おうえい)6年)、中国地方(ちゅうごくちほう)Chūgoku regionで6か国 six provincesの守護(しゅご)Shugoを兼ね、鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubō足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga
Mitsukane(1378~1409)(足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiの父father)と呼応in responseして挙兵raised an armyした大内義弘(おおうち・よしひろ)Ōuchi Yoshihiro(1356~1399)を和泉(いずみ)Izumi Province(大阪府(おおさかふ)Osaka Prefecture南西部)の堺(さかい)Sakaiに攻め滅ぼしたattacked and destroyed(応永の乱(おうえい・の・らん)Ōei Rebellion)。
In 1399 (Ouei 6),
Kamakura Kumakura Ashikaga Mitsukane (1378-1409) also served as the guardian of
six provinces in the Chugoku region. Ouchi Yoshihiro (1356-1399), who raised an
army in response to Ashikaga Mochiuji (father of Ashikaga Mochiuji), attacked
and destroyed Sakai in Izumi (Ouei War). No Ran)).
この間、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuは従一位(じゅいちい)Junior First Rank太政大臣(だいじょう・だいじん)Chancellor of the Realmとなり(1394年)、将軍権威shogun's
authorityは高まった。
During this period, Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu became Juichii Daijodaijin (Junior First Rank) in 1394, increasing
the shogun's authority.
足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職1394~1423)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第四代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the fourth Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuの子son
足利義量(あしかが・よしかず)Ashikaga
Yoshikazu(在職1423~1425)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第五代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the fifth Sei-i Taishōgun
第四代将軍the fourth
shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochiの長男the First
son
足利義量(あしかが・よしかず)Ashikaga Yoshikazuは生来病弱であり、満17歳で急死した。
Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA was
born with a weak disease and died suddenly at the age of 17.
第四代将軍the fourth
shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職1394~1423)も、父father・足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの政策the policiesを受け継いだinherited。
The fourth shogun, Yoshimochi
Ashikaga (1394-1423), inherited the policies of his father, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga
Mochiuji(1398~1439)
第四代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the fourth Kamakura kubō
足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga
Mitsukaneの子son
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
足利義嗣(あしかが・よしつぐ)Ashikaga
Yoshitsugu
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuの子son
第四代将軍(しょうぐん)the fourth shōgun足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochiの異母弟half-brother
上杉禅秀の乱(うえすぎ・ぜんしゅう・の・らん)Uesugi Zenshū's
Rebellion
上杉氏憲(うえすぎ・うじのり)Uesugi Ujinori(上杉禅秀(うえすぎ・ぜんしゅう)Uesugi Zenshū)
上杉禅秀の乱(うえすぎ・ぜんしゅう・の・らん)Uesugi Zenshū's
Rebellion
鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubōの足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiuji(1398~1439)(足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga Mitsukaneの子son)の執事(しつじ)Shitsuji・上杉氏憲(うえすぎ・うじのり)Uesugi Ujinori(上杉禅秀(うえすぎ・ぜんしゅう)Uesugi Zenshū)は足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiと不和fell out withになり、管領(かんれい)Kanreiを辞してresigned将軍(しょうぐん)shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochiの異母弟half-brother・足利義嗣(あしかが・よしつぐ)Ashikaga Yoshitsuguを誘いinvited、1416年(応永(おうえい)23年)鎌倉(かまくら)Kamakuraで兵を挙げたraise an armyが、やがて平定されたeventually subjugated(上杉禅秀の乱(うえすぎ・ぜんしゅう・の・らん)Uesugi Zenshū's Rebellion)。
Uesugi Uesugi, butler of
Ashikaga Mochiuji (1398-1439) (son of Ashikaga Mitsukane), Kamakura Kubo
Ujinori (Zenshu Uesugi) fell out with Mochiuji Ashikaga and resigned as Kanrei
to become Shogun Yoshimochi Ashikaga. In 1416 (Ouei 23), he invited Yoshitsugu
Ashikaga, his half-brother, to raise an army in Kamakura. Shuu no Ran)).
足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職1429~1441)
室町幕府(むろまちばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第六代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the sixth Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuの子son
第四代将軍the fourth
shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochiの同母弟maternal
younger brother
石清水八幡宮(いわしみずはちまんぐう)Iwashimizu
Hachimangūで籤(くじ)lotteryが引かれ、後継者the successorに定まった。
A lottery was drawn at
Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and he was chosen as the successor.
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen
嘉吉の乱(かきつ・の・らん)Kakitsu
Rebellion
第六代将軍(しょうぐん)the sixth shōgun・足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職1429~1441)(足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの子son)も幕府権力the power of the shogunateの拡大expandに努めた。
The 6th shogun Ashikaga
Yoshinori (1429-1441) (son of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu) also worked to expand the
power of the shogunate.
足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga
Mochiuji(1398~1439)
第四代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the fourth Kamakura kubō
足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga
Mitsukaneの子son
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
上杉憲実(うえすぎ・のりざね)Uesugi
Norizane(1410~1466)
関東管領(かんとう・かんれい)Kantō Kanrei
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen
鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubōの足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiuji(1398~1439)(足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga Mitsukaneの子son)は執事(しつじ)Shitsujiの上杉憲実(うえすぎ・のりざね)Uesugi Norizane(1410~1466)と争いfought against、やがて将軍(しょうぐん)shōgunに反抗する勢いthe momentum to rebel againstを示したので、足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriは1439年(永享(えいきょう)11年)、足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiを攻め滅ぼしたattacked and destroyed(永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo Rebellion)。
Ashikaga Mochiuji
(1398-1439) (son of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu), Kamakura Kubo, was a butler, Uesugi
Norizane. Ashikaga Yoshinori (1410-1466) fought against Norizane (1410-1466),
and eventually showed the momentum to rebel against the shogunate. Mochiuji)
was destroyed (Eikyou no Ran).
結城氏朝(ゆうき・うじとも)Yūki Ujitomo
結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen
結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen
1441年(嘉吉(かきつ)元年)足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiの遺子the bereaved sons・春王丸(はるおうまる)Haruomaru・安王丸(やすおうまる)Yasuomaruを保護protectedした下総国(しもうさの・くに)Shimousa Province(千葉県Chiba Prefecture北部)結城氏朝(ゆうき・うじとも)Yūki Ujitomoら関東諸豪族other
powerful clans in the Kanto regionが、足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriの派遣dispatchedした上杉憲実(うえすぎ・のりざね)Uesugi Norizaneに平定subjugatedされた(結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen)。
In 1441 (the first year
of the Kakitsu era) Shimosa Province protected the bereaved sons of Mochiuji
Ashikaga, Haruomaru and Yasuomaru. Ujitomo Yuki and other powerful clans in the
Kanto region were subjugated by Norizane Uesugi dispatched by Yoshinori
Ashikaga (Yuki Kassen).
赤松満祐(あかまつ・みつすけ)Akamatsu
Mitsusuke(1381~1441)
しかし、このような守護(しゅご)Shugo勢力forceに対する歴代将軍successive shogunの強圧策coercive measuresは守護(しゅご)Shugoのなかに不安anxietyを生み、1441年(嘉吉(かきつ)元年)、播磨(はりま)Harima Province(兵庫県(ひょうごけん)Hyōgo Prefecture南西部)の守護(しゅご)Shugo赤松満祐(あかまつ・みつすけ)Akamatsu
Mitsusuke(1381~1441)のため、かえって足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriは謀殺murderedされた(嘉吉の乱(かきつ・の・らん)Kakitsu Rebellion)。
However, successive
shoguns' coercive measures against the protective force caused anxiety among the
protective forces, and in 1441 (the first year of Kakitsu), Harima's protective
force Mitsusuke Akamatsu Because of Akamatsu Mitsusuke (1381-1441), Yoshinori
Ashikaga was murdered (Kakitsu no Ran).
第6章 Chapter 6
大名領国制の形成
Formation of the Feudal
lord system
第4節 Section 4
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
足利義勝(あしかが・よしかつ)Ashikaga
Yoshikatsu(在職1442~1443)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第七代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the seventh Sei-i Taishōgun
第六代将軍the sixth
shogun・足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriの長男the First son
足利義勝(あしかが・よしかつ)Ashikaga
Yoshikatsuは満9歳で死去した。
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu died
at the age of nine.
在任わずか8ヶ月であった。
He had only been in
office for eight months.
足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasa(在職1449~1473)
室町幕府(むろまちばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第八代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the eighth Sei-i Taishōgun
第六代将軍the sixth shogun・足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriの五男the fifth son
第七代将軍the seventh
shogun・足利義勝(あしかが・よしかつ)Ashikaga Yoshikatsuの同母弟maternal younger brother
幼くして兄の跡elder brother's footstepsを継ぎ、成長後は近習や近臣close associates and vassalsとともに親政direct the governmentに取り組むが、有力守護the influential shugoの圧力pressureに抗することはできなかった。
He followed in his
brother's footsteps at an early age, and when he grew up, he worked with his
close associates and vassals to direct the government, but he was unable to
resist the pressure of the influential shugo.
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōの対立confrontationはやがて応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin Warを引き起こすこととなる。
The confrontation between
the shugo daimyo eventually caused the Onin War.
足利義尚(あしかが・よしひさ)Ashikaga
Yoshihisa(在職1473~1489)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第九代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the Ninth Sei-i Taishōgun
第八代将軍the eighth
shogun・足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaと日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomikoの次男the Second son
足利義稙(あしかが・よしたね)Ashikaga
Yoshitane(在職1490~1493)(在職1508~1521)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第十代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the Tenth Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義視(あしか・がよしみ)Ashikaga
Yoshimiの子son
母motherは日野良子(ひの・よしこ)Hino Yoshiko(日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomikoの妹younger sister)
足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasa(在職1449~1473)
足利義政Ashikaga Yoshimasa
幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateと守護(しゅご)Shugoの対立confrontation、頻発する土一揆(どいっき)Do Ikki(uprising)、これに嘉吉の乱(かきつ・の・らん)Kakitsu Rebellionが重なって、将軍(しょうぐん)shōgunの権威the powerは地に堕ちた。
The confrontation between
the shogunate and the shugo, the frequent uprisings of the earth, and the
Kakitsu Rebellion combined to bring down the power of the shogun to the ground.
こうしたなかで、第八代将軍(しょうぐん)the eighth shogun・足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasa(在職1449~1473)(足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriの子son)は政務government affairsを避け、贅沢な生活a luxurious lifeを好んで土木工事civil engineering workを重ねて、幕府財政the finances of the shogunateはいっそう窮迫した。
Under these
circumstances, the 8th shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1449-1473) (son of Ashikaga
Yoshinori) avoided government affairs, preferring a luxurious life and engaging
in civil engineering work. In addition, the finances of the shogunate became
even more dire.
細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa
Katsumoto(1430~1473)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen(山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo)(1404~1473)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō四職(ししき)Shishiki
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
幕府の実権The real
power of the Shogunateは管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's
deputy)細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa Katsumoto(1430~1473)や山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo(山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen)(1404~1473)らが握り、両者が対立confrontするようになった。
The real power of the
Shogunate was Kanrei Hosokawa Katsumoto (1430-1473) and Yamana Mochitoyo
(Yamana Sozen) (1404-). 1473) and others, and the two began to confront each
other.
さらに足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaは酒屋役(さかや・やく)Sakaya yaku(酒屋に課された税tax on liquor stores)・倉役(くら・やく)Kura yaku(土倉(どそう)に対して行われた課税Taxes imposed on soil warehouses)をしきりにかけてこの危機を乗り切ろうとし、
In addition, Yoshimasa
Ashikaga tried to overcome this crisis by playing the role of liquor store and
storehouse.
しかも他方で土一揆(ど・いっき)Do Ikki(uprising)の要求demandsを容れて、一代のうちに13回も徳政令(とくせいれい)Tokuseireiを出した。
On the other hand, he
accepted the demands of the tsuchi ikki, and issued 13 Toku Seirei orders during
his lifetime.
日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomiko(1440~1496)
足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの正室(せいしつ)Seishitsu(御台所(みだいどころ)Midaidokoro(the official wife of the
shōgun))
足利義尚(あしかが・よしひさ)Ashikaga
Yoshihisaの母mother
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
このほか公卿(くぎょう)Kugyō(court nobles)や禅僧(ぜんそう)Zen priestsや女性womenも、幕府の政治the politics of the shogunateに口を出すようになった。
In addition, court
nobles, Zen priests, and women began to interfere in the politics of the
shogunate.
なかでも足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの夫人wife・日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomiko(1440~1496)は、賄賂(わいろ)bribesを取って政治に介入intervened in politicsし、
Among them, Ashikaga
Yoshimasa's wife Tomiko Hino (1440-1496) took bribes and intervened in
politics.
米相場(こめそうば)the rice
marketに手を出し、高利貸(こうりがし)Usuryを行い、京都(きょうと)Kyotoの七つの入口seven entrancesに関所(せきしょ)checkpointsを設けて関銭(せきせん)Checkpoint Toll Taxを取るなど、幕府政治The politics of the shogunateは極度に退廃extremely degenerateした。
The politics of the
shogunate was extremely degenerate, such as interfering with the rice market,
lending money at high interest rates, and setting up checkpoints at seven
entrances to Kyoto to collect money.
足利成氏(あしかが・しげうじ)Ashikaga
Shigeuji(1434~1497)
第五代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the fifth Kamakura kubō
初代古河公方(こが・くぼう)the first Koga
Kubo
第四代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the fourth Kamakura kubō・足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiの子son
享徳の乱(きょうとく・の・らん)Kyōtoku
incident
この頃東国(とうごく)Eastern Provincesでは、鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kubō足利成氏(あしかが・しげうじ)Ashikaga
Shigeuji(1434~1497)が、関東管領(かんとう・かんれい)Kantō Kanreiの上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi clanと対立して関東各地で合戦fought in various parts of the Kanto regionし、
Around this time, Kamakura
Kubo Ashikaga Shigeuji (1434-1497) was in conflict with the Kanto Kanrei Uesugi
clan. fighting in various places,
下総(しもうさ)Shimousa Provinceの古河(こが)Koga(茨城県Ibaraki
Prefecture古河市Koga City)に移って古河公方(こが・くぼう)Koga Kuboと称し、
He moved to Koga (Koga
City, Ibaraki Prefecture) in Shimosa and called himself Koga Kubo.
足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga
Masatomo(1435~1491)
初代堀越公方(ほりごえ・くぼう)the first
Horigoe Kubo
第八代将軍the eighth
shogun・足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの弟younger brother
上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi
clanは幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateと結んで足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの弟younger brother・足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga Masatomo(1435~1491)を迎えたが鎌倉(かまくら)Kamakuraに入れず、
The Uesugi clan allied
with the shogunate and welcomed Ashikaga Masatomo (1435-1491), the younger
brother of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, but he was unable to enter Kamakura.
伊豆(いず)Izu Provinceの堀越(ほりごえ)Horigoe(静岡県Shizuoka Prefecture韮山町Nirayama-cho)にとどまって堀越公方(ほりごえ・くぼう)Horigoe Kuboと称し、関東(かんとう)Kantō regionの足利氏(あしかがし)the Ashikaga clanは二分した。
He stayed in Horigoe
(Nirayama-cho, Shizuoka Prefecture) in Izu and called himself Horikoshi Kubo,
splitting the Ashikaga clan in Kanto into two.
そのうえ上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi clanも山内上杉氏(やまのうち・うえすぎし)the Yamanouchi Uesugi clanと扇谷上杉氏(おうぎがやつ・うえすぎし)the Ougigayatsu Uesugi clanの両家two familiesに分かれ、対立抗争fought against each otherを繰り返した。
Moreover, the Uesugi clan
was divided into two families, the Yamanouchi Uesugi clan and the Ougigayatsu
Uesugi clan, and they repeatedly fought against each other.
足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga
Mochiuji(1398~1439)
第四代鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)the fourth Kamakura kubō
足利満兼(あしかが・みつかね)Ashikaga
Mitsukaneの子son
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
足利成氏(あしかが・しげうじ)Ashikaga
Shigeuji(1434~1497)
足利成氏(あしかが・しげうじ)Ashikaga
Shigeujiは永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo Rebellion(1439年(永享(えいきょう)11年))で滅んだ足利持氏(あしかが・もちうじ)Ashikaga Mochiujiの子sonで、
Ashikaga Shigeuji was the
son of Ashikaga Mochiuji, who was defeated in the Eikyo Rebellion (1439).
child,
足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaに許されて鎌倉公方家(かまくら・くぼう・け)Kamakura kubo familyを復興reviveしたが、やがて幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateや執事(しつじ)Shitsuji(Shōgun's Deputy)の上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi clanと対立conflict withし、鎌倉(かまくら)Kamakuraを追われて、
Yoshimasa Ashikaga
allowed Yoshimasa Ashikaga to revive the Kamakura kubo family, but before long,
he came into conflict with the shogunate and the Uesugi clan, the stewards of
the Kamakura clan. chased by
下総(しもうさ)Shimousa Province古河城(こがじょう)Koga Castle(茨城県Ibaraki Prefecture古河市Koga City)に拠(よ)って古河公方(こが・くぼう)Koga Kuboと称した。
Based in Shimosa Koga
Castle, he called himself Koga Kubo.
足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga
Masatomo(1435~1491)
代わって足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの弟younger brother・足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga Masatomoが鎌倉公方(かまくら・くぼう)Kamakura kuboに任ぜられたが、無力で鎌倉(かまくら)Kamakuraに入れず、伊豆(いず)Izu Provinceの堀越(ほりごえ)Horigoe(静岡県Shizuoka Prefecture韮山町Nirayama-cho)に住んで堀越公方(ほりごえ・くぼう)Horigoe Kuboと称した。
In his place, Masatomo
Ashikaga, the younger brother of Yoshimasa Ashikaga, was appointed Kamakura
Kubo, but he was powerless and could not enter Kamakura. He lived in E) and
called himself Horikoshi Kubo.
ここに関東一帯In the Kanto regionは、豪族the powerful clansが二分されてdivided into two戦乱となったwar broke out。
In the Kanto region, the
powerful clans were divided into two, and war broke out.
北条早雲(ほうじょう・そううん)Hōjō Sōun(伊勢宗瑞(いせ・そうずい)Ise Sōzui)
戦国大名(せんごく・だいみょう)Sengoku-Daimyōとなった後北条氏(ごほうじょうし)Later Hōjō clanの祖founder・初代first generation
足利茶々丸(あしかが・ちゃちゃまる)Ashikaga Chachamaru
初代堀越公方(ほりごえ・くぼう)the first
Horigoe Kuboの足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga Masatomoの子son
やがて上杉氏(うえすぎし)the Uesugi clanの内紛internal strifeに乗じて北条早雲(ほうじょう・そううん)Hōjō Sōun(伊勢宗瑞(いせ・そうずい)Ise Sōzui)が進出advanced intoし、
Before long, Hojo Soun
(Ise Sozui) took advantage of the Uesugi clan's internal strife and advanced
into the area.
足利政知(あしかが・まさとも)Ashikaga
Masatomoの子sonの茶々丸(ちゃちゃまる)Chachamaruが北条早雲(ほうじょう・そううん)Hōjō Sōunに討たれ、堀越公方(ほりごえ・くぼう)Horigoe Kuboは滅んだdestroyed。
Ashikaga Masatomo's son,
Chachamaru, was killed by Hojo Soun, and Horikoshi Kubo was destroyed.
北条氏綱(ほうじょう・うじつな)Hōjō Ujitsuna
後北条氏(ごほうじょうし)Later Hōjō
clan第二代当主the Second
head
北条早雲(ほうじょう・そううん)Hōjō Sōunの子son
古河公方(こが・くぼう)Koga Kuboは足利成氏(あしかが・しげうじ)Ashikaga Shigeuji後も続いたが、
Koga Kubo continued after
Ashikaga Shigeuji,
北条氏綱(ほうじょう・うじつな)Hōjō Ujitsuna以下の後北条氏(ごうほうじょうし)Later Hōjō clanの東国統一unify the eastern provincesが進むと、その存在existenceは有名無実namelessとなった。
As the Gohojo clan under
Hojo Ujitsuna proceeded to unify the eastern provinces, their existence became
nameless.
畠山義就(はたけやま・よしなり)Hatakeyama Yoshinari(?~1490)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山城の国一揆(やましろ・の・くに・いっき)Kuni Ikki in
Yamashiro Province
斯波義廉(しば・よしかど)Shiba Yoshikado
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen(山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo)(1404~1473)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō四職(ししき)Shishiki
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
畠山政長(はたけやま・まさなが)Hatakeyama
Masanaga(1442~1493)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山城の国一揆(やましろ・の・くに・いっき)Kuni Ikki in
Yamashiro Province
斯波義敏(しば・よしとし)Shiba
Yoshitoshi
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa
Katsumoto(1430~1473)
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
同じ頃畠山家(はたけやまけ)the Hatakeyama familyでは畠山義就(はたけやま・よしなり)Hatakeyama Yoshinari(?~1490)と畠山政長(はたけやま・まさなが)Hatakeyama Masanaga(1442~1493)が対立conflictし、
At the same time,
Yoshinari Hatakeyama (?-1490) and Masanaga Hatakeyama (1442-1493) were in
conflict in the Hatakeyama family.
斯波家(しばけ)the Shiba familyは斯波義廉(しば・よしかど)Shiba Yoshikadoと斯波義敏(しば・よしとし)Shiba Yoshitoshiに二分divided into two groupsし、家臣the vassalsも二派に分かれてdivided into two factions家督the headship of the familyを争っていた。
The Shiba family was
divided into two groups, Yoshikado SHIBA and Yoshitoshi SHIBA, and the vassals
were also divided into two factions, competing for the headship of the family.
幕府の実力者an
influential figure in the shogunateである細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa Katsumotoは畠山政長(はたけやま・まさなが)Hatakeyama Masanagaと斯波義敏(しば・よしとし)Shiba Yoshitoshiを支援supportedし、
Katsumoto Hosokawa, an
influential figure in the shogunate, supported Masanaga Hatakeyama and
Yoshitoshi Shiba,
山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana
Mochitoyo(山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen)は畠山義就(はたけやま・よしなり)Hatakeyama Yoshinariと斯波義廉(しば・よしかど)Shiba Yoshikadoを助けてhelped両家の家督相続inherit the
headship of both familiesに介入intervenedしたので、
Mochitoyo Yamana (Sozen
Yamana) helped Yoshinari Hatakeyama and Yoshikado Shiba to inherit the headship
of both families. because I intervened in
内紛internal
strifeは細川(ほそかわ)Hosokawa・山名(やまな)Yamanaの対立the rivalryをますます激化intensifiedさせた。
The internal strife
intensified the rivalry between Hosokawa and Yamana.
足利義視(あしかが・よしみ)Ashikaga
Yoshimi(1439~1491)
第八代将軍(しょうぐん)the eighth
shogun・足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの異母弟half-brother
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa
Katsumoto(1430~1473)
日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomiko(1440~1496)
山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen(山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)
しかも第八代将軍(しょうぐん)the eighth shogun・足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)には子childrenがなく、弟younger brotherの足利義視(あしかが・よしみ)Ashikaga Yoshimi(1439~1491)を後継者successorに定めていたが、
Moreover, the shogun
Ashikaga Yoshimasa had no children and appointed his younger brother Ashikaga
Yoshimi (1439-1491) as his successor.
のちに夫人wife・日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomikoが足利義尚(あしかが・よしひさ)Ashikaga Yoshihisa(在職1473~1489)を生むと、
Later, when his wife,
Tomiko Hino, gave birth to Ashikaga Yoshihisa (1473-1489),
日野富子(ひの・とみこ)Hino Tomikoは足利義尚(よしひさ)Ashikaga Yoshihisaを将軍継嗣the successor to the Shogunにしようと山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo(山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen)に頼りrelied on、
Tomiko Hino relied on
Mochitoyo Yamana (Sozen Yamana) to make Ashikaga Yoshihisa the successor to the
Shogun.
そのため足利義視(あしかが・よしみ)Ashikaga Yoshimiは細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa Katsumotoと結んだ。
Therefore Yoshimi Ashikaga
married Katsumoto Hosokawa.
ここに細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clan・山名氏(やまなし)the Yamana clanは、将軍継嗣問題the Shogun succession issueという公然たる名目the open pretextを得て戦うこととなった。
Here, the Hosokawa clan
and the Yamanashi clan decided to fight under the open pretext of the Shogun
succession issue.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
1467年(応仁(おうにん)元年)、両者the two
sidesは京都(きょうと)Kyotoで戦端を開いたopened a war。
In 1467 (the first year
of Onin), the two sides opened a war in Kyoto.
守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōは細川(ほそかわ)Hosokawa(東軍(とうぐん)Eastern Army)・山名(やまな)Yamana(西軍(せいぐん)Western Army)のいずれかに参加joinsし、東軍(とうぐん)Eastern Army(細川(ほそかわ)Hosokawa)は24か国16万人160,000
soldiers from 24 countries、西軍(せいぐん)Western Army(山名(やまな)Yamana)は20か国11万人110,000
people from 20 countriesが戦ったfought。
Shugo Daimyo joins either
Hosokawa (Eastern Army) or Yamana (Western Army). The Eastern Army (Hosokawa)
has 160,000 soldiers from 24 countries, and the Western Army. (Yamana) was
fought by 110,000 people from 20 countries.
これが応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin Warである。
This was the Onin War.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa
Katsumoto(1430~1473)
山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen(山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)
戦乱は長引きThe war
dragged on、勝敗がつかぬままに細川勝元(ほそかわ・かつもと)Hosokawa Katsumoto・山名持豊(やまな・もちとよ)Yamana Mochitoyo(山名宗全(やまな・そうぜん)Yamana Sōzen)は病死died of illnessし、
The war dragged on, and
Katsumoto Hosokawa and Mochitoyo Yamana (Sozen Yamana) died of illness before
the outcome was decided.
これを契機にtook
advantage of this opportunity在京の諸将の多くMany of the generals in Kyotoは帰国return to the provincesしたが、戦乱the warはかえって地方に拡大spread to the provincesすることになった。
Many of the generals in
Kyoto took advantage of this opportunity to return to Japan, but the war
actually spread to the provinces.
1477年(文明(ぶんめい)9年)、両軍the
two armiesの間に和議a peace treatyが結ばれ、諸勢力various powersが京都(きょうと)Kyotoから引き上げ、
In 1477 (9th year of
Bunmei), a peace treaty was concluded between the two armies, and various
powers withdrew from Kyoto.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin Warは一応終結したが、主戦場the
main battlefieldとなった京都(きょうと)Kyotoは11年に及ぶ戦乱11 years of warで焦土reduced to ashesとなった。
The Onin War ended for
the time being, but Kyoto, the main battlefield, was reduced to ashes after 11
years of war.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
京都(きょうと)Kyotoとその周辺は焦土scorched
earthとなって公武の邸宅Court nobles and samurai residences、有力寺社influential
temples and shrinesはことごとく焼失destroyed by fireし、
Kyoto and its
surroundings were reduced to scorched earth, and Komu's mansion, influential
temples and shrines were all destroyed by fire.
「汝(なれ)や知る都は野辺の夕雲雀(ひばり)あがるを見ても落つる涙は」(『応仁記(おうにんき)Ōninki』)と歌われた。
It was sung, ``The tears
that fall when you see skylarks rising in the fields in the evening.''
("Oninki").
将軍の権威the authority
of the shogunは全く地に堕ち、その命令が及ぶsubject to his ordersのは山城国(やましろの・くに)Yamashiro Province(京都府Kyoto Prefecture南部)一国のみonly one countryと言われ、
It is said that the
authority of the shogun has completely fallen to the ground, and that only one
country, Yamashiro Province, is subject to his orders.
全国政権a national
governmentとしての幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateは歴史的な生命historic lifeを失った。
The bakufu as a national
government lost its historic life.
地方の荘園Provincial
manorsは致命的打撃fatal blowを受け、荘園領主the lords of the manorsは収入の道を閉ざされcut off from their sources of income、天皇the
emperor・公家court nobles・寺社temples and shrinesの衰微the declineは甚(はなは)だしく、公家court noblesや僧侶priestsのなかには地方へ下るleft for the countryside者も多くあった。
Provincial manors suffered a fatal blow, the lords of the manors were cut off from their sources of income, the decline of the emperor, court nobles, temples and shrines was horrific, and many court nobles and priests left for the countryside.
守護代(しゅごだい)Shugodai
管領(かんれい)Kanrei(shōgun's deputy)や有力influential守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōも勢力を失いloses
power、
Kanrei loses power of
influential shugo daimyo (shugo daimyo),
守護代(しゅごだい)Shugodai以下の在地の武士Local
samuraiが領国支配の実権the real power to rule the territoryを握り、新興の戦国大名(せんごく・だいみょう)Sengoku-Daimyōとして台頭emergeしてくる契機an opportunityとなった。
Local samurai under the
rank of Shugodai seized the real power to rule the territory, and became an
opportunity to emerge as the emerging Sengoku daimyo.
守護代(しゅごだい)Shugodaiは守護(しゅご)Shugoの有力な家来an influential retainerで守護(しゅご)Shugoの代官local magistrateとして任国assignment Provinceにいる。
He is an influential
retainer of the Shugo and is in his post as Shugo's governor.
三管領(さんかんれい)Sankanrei・四職(ししき)Shishikiなどの有力守護(しゅご)influential shugoは多く京都(きょうと)Kyotoに在任stayed inしたので、守護代家(しゅごだいけ)the shugodai familyが次第に主家the master's familyを圧倒して、任国appointed provinceを領国化made into a territoryした。
Since many influential
shugo such as Sankanrei and Shishoku stayed in Kyoto, the shugodai family
gradually overwhelmed the master's family and made the appointed province into
a territory.
斯波氏(しばし)the Shiba clanの越前守護代(えちぜん・しゅごだい)Echizen Shugodaiの朝倉氏(あさくらし)the Asakura clanなどは、主家the master's familyを越えて越前守護(えちぜん・しゅご)Echizen Shugoになった。
The Asakura clan, who was
the Echizen Shugodai of the Shiba clan, surpassed their masters and became
Echizen Shugo.
下剋上(げこくじょう)Gekokujō(the lower rules the higher)(the
low overcomes the high)
足軽(あしがる)Ashigaru(infantry of Muromachi period)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin Warののち、時代は戦国時代(せんごく・じだい)Sengoku periodと呼ばれる約1世紀 for
about a centuryの戦乱時代(せんらん・じだい)a period of warを迎えることとなった。
After the Onin War, Japan
entered a period of war for about a century called the Sengoku period.
社会societyでは、下から盛り上がる力power rising from belowが既存の権力を打ち倒すoverthrows existing authority、いわゆる下剋上(げこくじょう)Gekokujō(the lower rules the
higher)(the low overcomes the
high)の風潮the trendが高まった。
In society, the trend of
so-called gekokujo, in which power rising from below overthrows existing authority,
has increased.
国人(こくじん)Kokujin(inhabitants of the provinces)・地侍(じざむらい)Jizamurai(peasant-warriors)が台頭rose
to prominenceし、土一揆(どいっき)Do Ikki(uprising)が盛んに起こりflourished、足軽(あしがる)Ashigaru(infantry of Muromachi
period)が横行rampantしたのが、
Kokujin (local samurai)
and Jizamurai (local samurai) rose to prominence, tsuchiikki flourished, and
foot soldiers became rampant.
支配者の眼In the eyes
of the rulersには下剋上(げこくじょう)Gekokujōの典型的現象a typical phenomenonとして映った。
In the eyes of the
rulers, this was seen as a typical phenomenon of the rise of the ranks.
東山山荘(ひがしやま・さんそう)Higashiyama mountain
villa
慈照寺(じしょうじ)Jishō-ji 銀閣寺(ぎんかくじ)Ginkaku-ji
いっぽう文化の面では、足利義政(あしかが・よしまさ)Ashikaga Yoshimasaの東山山荘(ひがしやま・さんそう)Higashiyama mountain villaの生活lifeを中心にいわゆる東山文化(ひがしやま・ぶんか)Higashiyama cultureが展開developedした。
On the other hand, in
terms of culture, the so-called Higashiyama culture developed around Yoshimasa
Ashikaga's life at Higashiyama Sanso.
また、戦乱warsを避けて都the capitalの公家court noblesや五山僧(ござんそう)Gozan priestsが地方the provincesに下ったことは、中央文化central cultureの地方the provincesへの伝播the diffusionをもたらした。
In addition, the fact
that court nobles and Gozan priests from the capital went to the provinces to
avoid wars contributed to the diffusion of central culture to the provinces.
畠山義就(はたけやま・よしなり)Hatakeyama
Yoshinari(?~1490)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山城の国一揆(やましろ・の・くに・いっき)Kuni Ikki in
Yamashiro Province
畠山政長(はたけやま・まさなが)Hatakeyama
Masanaga(1442~1493)
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin War
山城の国一揆(やましろ・の・くに・いっき)Kuni Ikki in
Yamashiro Province
一揆(いっき)Ikki(uprising)も各地で頻発frequent in various placesしていた。
Uprisings were also frequent
in various places.
特に地方の国人(こくじん)Kokujin(inhabitants of the provinces)たちは、自分たちの権益を守るprotect their interestsために国一揆(くに・いっき)Kuni-ikki(national uprising)を起こしていたが、
In particular, local
people (kokujin) caused a national uprising to protect their interests.
応仁の乱(おうにん・の・らん)Ōnin Warを契機に国一揆(くに・いっき)Kuni-ikki(national uprising)はますます強くなった。
With the Onin War as a
turning point, the Kuni Ikki became even stronger.
1485年(文明(ぶんめい)17年)、南山城(みなみ・やましろ)Southern Yamashiro Provinceの国人(こくじん)Kokujin(inhabitants of the provinces)は宇治(うじ)Uji平等院(びょうどういん)Byōdō-inで集会し、
In 1485 (the 17th year of
Bunmei), the people of Minamiyamashiro gathered at Byodo-in Temple in Uji.
その頃山城国(やましろの・くに)Yamashiro Province(京都府Kyoto Prefecture南部)で対陣facing
each otherしていた畠山義就(はたけやま・よしなり)Hatakeyama Yoshinariと畠山政長(はたけやま・まさなが)Hatakeyama Masanagaの両軍the two armiesが戦いをやめてstopped fighting山城国(やましろの・くに)Yamashiro Province内から退去するよう要求demanding to leaveし、
At that time, the two
armies of Yoshinari Hatakeyama and Masanaga Hatakeyama, who were facing each
other in Yamashiro Province, stopped fighting and started fighting in Yamashiro
Province. ) demanding to leave the
以後8年間に渡ってFor the next eight years、36人衆36 peopleと呼ばれる国人(こくじん)Kokujin(inhabitants of the provinces)たちが協議held
discussionsして南山城(みなみ・やましろ)Southern Yamashiro Provinceを自治的autonomouslyに支配ruledした。
For the next eight years,
local people called 36 people held discussions and ruled Minamiyamashiro
autonomously.