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2023年11月25日土曜日

日本史16 Japanese history 16

元寇と鎌倉幕府の衰退

Genko and

the Decline of the Kamakura Shogunate

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune

弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 96 Land-based Attack Aircraft

九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 96 Land-based Attack Aircraft


九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)The Type 96 land attack aircraftは、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy陸上攻撃機(りくじょう・こうげきき)Land-based Attack Aircraft

The Type 96 land attack aircraft is a land attack aircraft of the Japanese Navy.

九五式陸上攻撃機(きゅうごしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 95 Land-based Attacker後継機Successorであり、九六式艦上戦闘機(きゅうろくしき・かんじょう・せんとうき)Type 96 Carrier-based Fighterと並んで、日本の航空技術Japanese aviation technology欧米Europe and America同等のレベルEquivalent levelまで進んだことを示した最初の機体the first aircraftである。

It was the successor to the Type 95 land attack aircraft, and along with the Type 96 carrier-based fighter, it was the first aircraft to demonstrate that Japanese aviation technology had advanced to a level comparable to that of the West.


九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 96 Land-based Attack Aircraft


し、支那事変China Incidentから太平洋戦争Pacific Warの初期early yearsまで第一線the forefrontで活躍activeした。

It had high cruising performance for its time and was active on the front lines from the China Incident to the early stages of the Pacific War.

なお海軍の命名法naval nomenclatureによって急降下爆撃Dive bombingができない本機this plane爆撃機Bomberではなく攻撃機Attack Aircraftとされた。

Furthermore, due to naval nomenclature, this aircraft, which could not perform dive bombing, was considered an attack aircraft rather than a bomber.

略称Abbreviation九六陸攻(きゅうろく・りくこう)Kyuroku Rikuko

The abbreviation is Kyuroku/Rikuko.


九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 96 Land-based Attack Aircraft


後継機Successor一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraftとともに、中型攻撃機Medium-sized Attack Aircraftとして作られたことから通称by commonly called中攻(ちゅうこう)Medium Attack」と呼ばれた。

It was commonly called the ``Medium Attack'' because it was created as a medium-sized attack aircraft, along with its successor, the Type 1 land attack aircraft.

連合国軍Allied forcesコードネームCode nameネルNell

The code name of the Allied Forces is Nell.

開発Development製造Manufacturing三菱重工業Mitsubishi Heavy Industries中島飛行機Nakajima Aircraft Company

Developed and manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Nakajima Aircraft.


九六式陸上攻撃機(きゅうろくしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 96 Land-based Attack Aircraft


日中戦争Second Sino-Japanese Warでは航続性能cruising performanceを生かし、設計本来の目的Original purpose of designではない対地爆撃Ground bombingに多用wide useされた。

During the Sino-Japanese War, it was often used for ground bombing, which was not its original purpose, due to its cruising performance.

まず台湾Taiwan九州Kyushu基地baseを発進し、東シナ海East China Seaを越え、第二次上海事変the Second Shanghai Incidentで孤立する現地部隊を支援する爆撃raids to support local troopsを行い帰還した。

First, they launched from bases in Taiwan and Kyushu, crossed the East China Sea, conducted bombing raids to support local troops isolated during the Second Shanghai Incident, and then returned.

これは渡洋爆撃(とよう・ばくげき)transoceanic Bombingとして国内に大きく宣伝され名を揚げた一方で、戦闘機Fighter aircraft撃墜shot downされるなど被害も多かった。

While this was widely publicized in Japan as a bombing over the ocean and gained fame, it also caused a lot of damage, including being shot down by a fighter plane.


P-26ピーシューター Boeing P-26 Peashooter


1937年(昭和12年)820日に南京Nanking空襲Air-raidした際には迎撃InterceptionしたP-26ピーシューターBoeing P-26 Peashooterに敵損害なしで6機が撃墜shot downされるなど、渡洋爆撃(とよう・ばくげき)transoceanic Bombing初期から損害が続出していたが、随伴できる戦闘機Fighter aircraftは存在しなかった。

During the air raid on Nanjing on August 20, 1937, 6 planes were shot down by intercepting P-26 Peashooters without any enemy damage, and damage was caused from the beginning of overseas bombing. were occurring one after another, but there were no fighter planes that could accompany them.

このため長距離飛行Long-distance flightが可能な戦闘機Fighter aircraftの必要性が真剣に検討され、十三試双発陸上戦闘機13-Shi Land-based Twin-engine Fighter、後の月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighterの誕生につながった。

For this reason, the need for a fighter aircraft capable of long-distance flights was seriously considered, leading to the creation of the 13 twin-engine land fighters and later the Gekkou night fighter.


戦艦プリンス・オブ・ウェールズ Battleship Prince of Wales


1941年(昭和16年)1210日のマレー沖海戦Naval Battle of Malayaでは、一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraftと協同In cooperationイギリスBritish Empire戦艦プリンス・オブ・ウェールズBattleship Prince of Wales巡洋戦艦レパルスBattlecruiser Repulse撃沈attack and sunkし、戦艦に対する航空優位Aviation advantage over battleshipsを印象付けた。

At the Battle of Murray Coast on December 10, 1941, the aircraft teamed up with Type 1 land attack aircraft to sink the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse, demonstrating its air superiority over battleships.


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighter

月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighter


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)は、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy夜間戦闘機Night fighter

Gekkou is a night fighter of the Japanese Navy.

連合軍Allied forcesが本機This aircraftに与えたコードネームCode nameアーヴィングIrving

The code name given to this machine by the Allied Forces was Irving.

開発Development製造Manufacturing中島飛行機Nakajima Aircraft Company

Developed and manufactured by Nakajima Aircraft.


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighter


日中戦争Second Sino-Japanese Warにおいて、大距離出撃long-distance sortiesは、航法navigation通信能力communication capabilitiesの面で、戦闘機隊単独Fighter corps aloneでは無理であったことから、戦闘機Fighter aircraftとほぼ同じ空中戦闘能力Air combat capabilityを持ち、航法navigation通信能力communication capabilities航続力cruising rangeのある飛行機aircraft、いわば誘導戦闘機Guided fighterというようなものが必要になった。

During the Sino-Japanese War, long-distance sorties were impossible for a fighter squadron alone due to its navigation and communication capabilities. There was a need for an aircraft that had almost the same air combat capabilities as a fighter jet, as well as navigation, communication capabilities, and cruising range, something like a guided fighter.

これを受けた中島飛行機Nakajima Aircraft Company開発Developmentに当たった。

In response to this, Nakajima Aircraft was developed.


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighter


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)に装備installed onされた斜銃(しゃじゅう)Oblique gunとは、機軸the axis of the aircraftに対して上方または下方に30度前後の仰角を付けて装備された航空機銃Aircraft artilleryである。

The oblique gun installed on the Gekko is an aircraft gun mounted at an elevation angle of around 30 degrees above or below the axis of the aircraft.

利点the advantagesB-29スーパーフォートレスBoeing B-29 Superfortress弱点weak point(後ろ下方からの攻撃に弱い)に対し攻撃占位運動が容易であること、攻撃態勢保持時間が長いことが挙げられる。

The advantages are that it is easy to attack the B-29 Superfortress' weak points (weak against attacks from behind and below), and that it can maintain attack posture for a long time.

月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)の生産機数Number of production二式陸上偵察機(にしき・りくじょう・ていさつき)Type 2 land reconnaissance aircraftも含めて477機で、この内40機が終戦時に残存していた。

The number of Gekkou aircraft produced was 477, including the Type 2 land reconnaissance aircraft, of which 40 remained in existence at the end of the war.


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight夜間戦闘機Night fighter


月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)の登場により、一時はB-17フライング・フォートレスBoeing B-17 Flying FortressB-24リベレーターConsolidated B-24 LiberatorによるラバウルRabaulへの夜間爆撃Night bombingを押さえ込むことに成功した。

The appearance of the Gekkou briefly succeeded in suppressing the night bombing of Rabaul by B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators.

1944年(昭和19年)10月に開始されたフィリピンの戦いBattle of the Philippinesにも月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)は投入された。

Gekko was also used in the Battle of the Philippines, which began in October 1944.

月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)は本土防空戦mainland air defense battlesにも投入されたが、相手はこれまでのB-17B-24を遥かに上回る性能のB-29スーパーフォートレスBoeing B-29 Superfortressとなり、月光(げっこう)GekkouMoonlight)は夜間のみならず昼間も迎撃に出撃したSortie to interceptが苦しい戦いを強いられたforced into a tough battle

The Gekkou was also used in mainland air defense battles, but its opponent was the B-29 Super Fortress, which had far superior performance than the previous B-17 and B-24, and the Gekkou was used not only at night but also during the night. They went out to intercept during the day, but were forced into a tough battle.


一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraft


一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraft日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy陸上攻撃機(りくじょう・こうげきき)Land-based Attack Aircraftである。

The Type 1 Land Attack Aircraft (Isshiki, Rikujo, Kougeki) is a land attack aircraft of the Japanese Navy.

略称Abbreviation一式陸攻(いっしき・りっこう)Isshiki Rikko

The abbreviation is Isshiki Rikko.

日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy呼び名Nickname中型攻撃機Medium-sized Attack Aircraftabbreviationの、中攻(ちゅうこう)。

The Japanese Navy's name for the aircraft is Chu-Attack, an abbreviation for medium-sized attack aircraft.

連合国軍Allied forcesコードネームCode nameベティーBetty

The Allied code name is Betty.

三菱重工業Mitsubishi Heavy Industries株式会社の設計Design製造Manufacturing

Designed and manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.


銀河(ぎんが)GingaGalaxy) 双発爆撃機Twin-engine bomber

銀河(ぎんが)GingaGalaxy) 双発爆撃機Twin-engine bomber


銀河(ぎんが)GingaGalaxy)は日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy開発Development実用化practical useした双発爆撃機Twin-engine bomber

Ginga is a twin-engine bomber developed and put into practical use by the Japanese Navy.

海軍Navy航空機関連技術開発Aircraft-related technology developmentを統括する海軍航空技術廠(かいぐん・こうくう・ぎじゅつしょう)Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal大型急降下爆撃機Large Dive Bomberとして開発した機体だが、一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraft後継機Successorとして太平洋戦争Pacific War後半の戦いに投入Put into the second half of the battleされた。

This aircraft was developed as a large dive bomber by the Naval Aviation Engineering Center, which oversees the development of aircraft-related technology for the Navy, and was deployed in the latter half of the Pacific War as a successor to the Type 1 land attack aircraft.

連合国軍Allied forcesによるコードネームCode nameフランシスFrances

The Allied code name was Francis.

開発Development製造Manufacturing中島飛行機Nakajima Aircraft Company

Developed and manufactured by Nakajima Aircraft.


銀河(ぎんが)GingaGalaxy) 双発爆撃機Twin-engine bomber

銀河(ぎんが)GingaGalaxy) 双発爆撃機Twin-engine bomber


実戦Operational history

マリアナ沖海戦Battle of the Philippine Sea

ニューギニア戦線New Guinea Campaign

台湾沖航空戦Formosa Air Battle

レイテ島の戦いBattle of Leyte

レイテ沖海戦Battle of Leyte Gulf

九州沖航空戦(きゅうしゅうおき・こうくうせん)Air battle off Kyushu

沖縄戦Battle of Okinawa


弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


5 Chapter 5

武家社会の成立

Establishment of samurai society

5 Section 5

元寇と鎌倉幕府の衰退

Genko and

the Decline of the Kamakura Shogunate


日宋貿易(にっそう・ぼうえき)Japan-Song trade


大陸との交渉

Negotiations with the mainland

日宋貿易(にっそう・ぼうえき)Japan-Song trade

中国Chinaでは12世紀の初めat the beginning of the 12th centuryに、(そう)the Song Dynasty(きん)the Jin dynasty圧迫oppressedされ、capital江南(こうなん)(チヤンナン)Jiangnanに移して南宋(なんそう)the Southern Songと呼ばれた。

In China, at the beginning of the 12th century, the Song Dynasty was oppressed by Jin Jin and moved the capital to Jiangnan and was called the Southern Song.

日宋貿易(にっそう・ぼうえき)Japan-Song tradeは、鎌倉時代(かまくら・じだい)Kamakura periodになっても正式の国交official diplomatic relationshipはなかったが、私貿易の形the form of private tradeで行われ、両国の商船の往来the traffic of merchant ships between the two countries増加increasedした。

Even in the Kamakura period, there was no official diplomatic relationship between Japan and Song, but it was carried out in the form of private trade, and the traffic of merchant ships between the two countries increased.


南宋(なんそう)the Southern Song

モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire

モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire

モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire


(げん)の版図Territory of the Yuan Dynasty

(きん)the Jin dynasty支配下under the rule ofにあったモンゴル族a Mongol tribe一部族長the headテムジン鉄木真Temüjin他部族other tribes征服conqueredして1206モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire建設establishedし、

Temüjin, the head of a Mongol tribe under the rule of Kin Jin, conquered other tribes and established the Mongol Empire in 1206.

大汗(たいかん)Great Khan大帝(たいてい)Great Emperor)の位についてチンギス・ハン成吉思汗Chingis Khanシャーマン教shamanismの「光の神God of Light」の意)(太祖(たいそ)Taizugrand progenitor))(在位12061227)の尊称honorific titleを受けた。

He received the honorific title of Chingis Khan (meaning 'God of Light' in shamanism) (Taiso) (reigned 1206-1227).

その後2the 2nd generation太宗(たいそう)Taizongオゴタイ・ハンÖgedei Khan)・3the 3rd generation定宗(ていそう)Dingzongグユク・ハンGüyük Khan)・4the 4th generation憲宗(けんそう)Xianzongモンケ・ハンMöngke Khan)の間に(きん)the Jin dynastyを滅ぼし、

After that, the 2nd generation Taizong (Ögedei Khan), the 3rd generation Möngke Khan, and the 4th generation Möngke Khan destroyed Jin.


チンギス・ハン成吉思汗Chingis Khan太祖(たいそ)Taizugrand progenitor))(在位12061227


中国北部northern ChinaConqueringして長江(ちょうこう)the Chang River揚子江(ようすこう)the Yangtze River)をもって南宋(なんそう)the Southern Songborderingし、

Conquering northern China and bordering the Southern Song with the Yangtze River,

the South雲南(うんなん)YunnanチベットTibet安南(あんなん)Annam征服conqueredし、

South conquered Yunnan, Tibet and Annan,

西the west中央アジアCentral AsiaからヨーロッパEuropeに入り、欧亜(おうあ)Europe and Asiaにまたがる大帝国(だいていこく)a great empire形成formedした。

The west entered Europe from Central Asia and formed a great empire spanning Europe and Asia.

これによって東アジア文化圏the East Asian cultural sphereヨーロッパ文化圏the European cultural sphere交流exchanges緊密化closerし、人類の歴史human historyは「世界史world history」と言える段階the stageとなった。

As a result, exchanges between the East Asian cultural sphere and the European cultural sphere became closer, and human history reached the stage where it can be said that it is 'world history'.


フビライ・ハン忽必烈Kublai Khan世祖(せいそ)Shizu)(在位12601294

チンギス・ハンChingis Khangrandson


5the 5th generation世祖(せいそ)Shizu忽必烈フビライ・ハンKublai Khan))(在位12601294)(チンギス・ハンChingis Khangrandson)はcapital大都(だいと)Dadu北京(ペキン)Beijing)に移し、国号the country name(げん)Yuan Dynastyと定め、

The 5th generation ancestor (Kublai Khan) (reigned 1260-1294) (grandchild of Genghis Khan) moved the capital to Dadu (Beijing) and changed the country name to the original name. (Gen) Defined as Yuan Dynasty,

南宋(なんそう)the Southern Song圧迫put pressure onし、in the East高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo押さえてsuppress日本Japanをも支配下under their controlに置こうと計画plannedした。

They planned to put pressure on the Southern Song, to suppress Goryeo in the East, and to put Japan under their control.

1268年(文永(ぶんえい)5年)以来、高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoを通じて日本Japan3回に渡って使者を送りsent messengers朝貢tribute服属submissionを求めた。

Since 1268 (Bun'ei 5), he sent messengers to Japan three times through Goryeo, asking for tribute and submission.


北条義時(ほうじょう・よしとき)Hōjō Yoshitoki11631224

2代執権the second shikken (regent)

北条時政(ほうじょう・ときまさ)Hōjō Tokimasa次男second son

北条政子(ほうじょう・まさこ)Hōjō Masako11571225younger brother


北条泰時(ほうじょう・やすとき)Hōjō Yasutoki11831242

3代執権the third shikken (regent)

北条義時(ほうじょう・よしとき)Hōjō Yoshitoki長男Eldest son


北条時頼(ほうじょう・ときより)Hōjō Tokiyori

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第五代執権(しっけん)the fifth shikken (regent)

北条時氏(ほうじょう・ときうじ)Hōjō Tokiuji次男second son

北条経時(ほうじょう・つねとき)Hōjō Tsunetoki同母弟maternal younger brother

北条泰時ほうじょう・やすとき)Hōjō Yoshitokigrandson

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimunefather


北条政村(ほうじょう・まさむら)Hōjō Masamura12051273

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第七代執権(しっけん)the seventh shikken

北条義時(ほうじょう・よしとき)Hōjō Yoshitoki五男the fifth son

北条泰時(ほうじょう・やすとき)Hōjō Yasutoki異母弟half-brother


北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第八代執権(しっけん)the eighth shikken

北条時頼(ほうじょう・ときより)Hōjō Tokiyori次男second son

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


幕府の対策Shogunate measures

幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateはこの要求を拒否rejected this requestするとともに、18歳の北条時宗ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune(在職12681284)を第八代執権(しっけん)the eighth shikkenにし、

The shogunate rejected this request and appointed 18-year-old Hojo Tokimune (8th regent) (1268-1284) as regent.

北条政村(ほうじょう・まさむら)Hōjō Masamura12051273)を連署(れんしょ)Renshoco-signatory)として補佐assistedさせて幕府内部the internal affairs of the shogunate固めたsolidify

Hōjō Masamura (1205-1273) (the former regent of Hōjō Tokimune) acted as a co-signer and assisted him to solidify the internal affairs of the shogunate.


趙良弼(ちょう・りょうひつ)Zhào Liáng bì女真人Jurchen people


さらに1271年(文永(ぶんえい)8年)には、(げん)the Yuan dynasty使者messenger趙良弼(ちょう・りょうひつ)Zhào Liáng bì女真人Jurchen people)が期限を定めて回答を迫ったset a deadline and demanded an answerが、

Furthermore, in 1271 (8th year of Bun'ei), Yuan Yuan's messenger Zhao Ryohitsu set a deadline and demanded an answer.

幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate回答を与えずに彼を帰国させsent him home without giving an answer

The Shogunate sent him home without giving an answer,

九州(きゅうしゅう)KyushuNine Provinces)に所領territoryをもつ東国(とうごく)Eastern Provinces御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)に警固securityのため九州(きゅうしゅう)Kyushu下向go downすることを命じ(異国警固番役(いこく・けいごばん・やく)a foreign police officer)、(げん)the Yuan dynasty来襲attackedに備えた。

Ordered Gokenin, who had territory in Kyushu, to go down to Kyushu for security (Ikoku, Keigo, Bankyaku), attacked by Gen Yuan. prepared for.


忻都(きんと)Chinto蒙古人Mongolian

洪茶丘(こう・さきゅう)Hong Dagu高麗人


元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan

文永の役(ぶんえい・の・えき)Battle of Bun'ei

1274年(文永(ぶんえい)11年)10月、忻都(きんと)Chinto蒙古人Mongolian)・洪茶丘(こう・さきゅう)Hong Dagu高麗人)をcommandersとし、

In October 1274 (Bun'ei 11), with Kinto and Ko Sakyu as commanders,


文永の役(ぶんえい・の・えき)Battle of Bun'ei

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


(げん)the Yuan dynasty高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo連合軍3万数千More than 30,000 allied forces900余隻の船を連ねてwith more than 900 ships対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture壱岐(いき)Iki長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)を侵しinvaded

More than 30,000 allied forces from Gen and Goryeo invaded Tsushima and Iki with more than 900 ships.

さらに肥前(ひぜん)Hizen Province佐賀県(さがけん)Saga Prefecture長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture平戸(ひらど)Hirado鷹島(たかじま)Takazima襲ってattacked博多湾(はかたわん)Hakata Bay筑前国(ちくぜんのくに)Chikuzen Province福岡県Fukuoka Prefecture)に入り、今津(いまづ)Imazu博多(はかた)Hakata上陸landedした。

Furthermore, they attacked Hirado and Takashima in Hizen, entered Hakata Bay, and landed at Imazu and Hakata.


宗助国(そう・すけくに)Sō Sukekuni


対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県)の守護代(しゅごだい)Shugodai宗助国(そう・すけくに)Sō Sukekuni急報the urgent newsに接して、

In response to the urgent news of Sosukekuni, the Shugodai of Tsushima,


少弐経資(しょうに・つねすけ)Shoni Tsunesuke

少弐景資(しょうに・かげすけ)Shoni Kagesuke

少弐経資(しょうに・つねすけ)Shoni Tsunesukeyounger brother


竹崎季長(たけざき・すえなが)Takezaki Suenaga

てつはう(てっぽう)tetsuhau


鎮西奉行(ちんぜい・ぶぎょう)chinzei magistrate少弐経資(しょうに・つねすけ)Shoni Tsunesuke管内jurisdiction御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)を指揮directingして防戦defend the battleに努めたが、

Shoni Tsunesuke, a chinzei magistrate, tried to defend the battle by directing the gokenin in his jurisdiction.

(げん)the Yuan army集団戦法group tactics毒矢poison arrows火薬gunpowderを用いた「てつはう(てっぽう)tetsuhau」に苦しめられTortured大宰府(だざいふ)Dazaifu筑前国(ちくぜんのくに)Chikuzen Province福岡県Fukuoka Prefecture水城(みずき)Mizuki Castlewater fortress)まで退いたwithdrew

Tortured by the Yuan army's group tactics and ``tetsu sho'' using poison arrows and gunpowder, they withdrew to Mizuki in Dazaifu.

ところが、優勢upper handであった(げん)the Yuan dynasty高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoforcesは、大宰府(だざいふ)Dazaifuへの進撃advancing陸上陣地を構えるsetting up land positionsこともなく船に引き上げwithdrew to ships

However, the Yuan and Goryeo forces, which had the upper hand, withdrew to ships without advancing to Dazaifu or setting up land positions.

夜半の暴風雨a storm in the middle of the nightのため、翌朝the next morningには、海上にその船団も姿を消していたthe fleet disappeared at seaと言う。

It is said that the fleet disappeared at sea the next morning due to a storm in the middle of the night.

これを文永の役(ぶんえい・の・えき)Battle of Bun'eiと言う。

This is called Bunei no Yaku (Bunei no Yaku).


長門探題(ながと・たんだい)Nagato Tandai


防衛体制の準備

Preparing the defense system

幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate再度(げん)the Yuan dynasty来襲another attack見越してin anticipation防衛体制defense system固めたstrengthened

The shogunate strengthened its defense system in anticipation of another attack by Yuan Yuan.

異国警固番役(いこく・けいご・ばんやく)foreign police guards整備establishingするとともに、長門探題(ながと・たんだい)Nagato Tandai設けたりestablished

In addition to establishing foreign police guards (Ikoku, Keigo, Bankyaku), Nagato Tandai (Tandai) was established,

また、非御家人Non-gokenin戦功military exploitsによって恩賞(おんしょう)rewardsを与えることを約束promiseして動員mobilizedし、

Non-gokenin were also mobilized with the promise of rewards for their military exploits.

北条氏一族members of the Hojo clan九州(きゅうしゅう)Kyushu長門(ながと)Nagato Province山口県Yamaguchi Prefecture西半分)の守護(しゅご)Shugo(military) governor)(protector)(constable)に任じて指揮権を強化strengthened his commandした。

He strengthened his command by appointing members of the Hojo clan as guardians of Kyushu and Nagato.


要害石築地(ようがい・いしついじ)fortified stone grounds


博多湾沿岸the coast of Hakata Bayには石塁(せきるい)stone forts要害石築地(ようがい・いしついじ)fortified stone grounds)を設けてset up(げん)the Yuan army上陸landを許さぬ構えを示し、進んで大陸に出兵dispatch troops to the continentする準備preparedさえ行った。

He set up stone forts (fortified stone grounds) along the coast of Hakata Bay to show that he would not allow the Mongol army to land, and even prepared to dispatch troops to the continent.


周福(しゅう・ふく)Zhou Fu


弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

(げん)the Yuan dynasty1279弘安(こうあん)2年)南宋(なんそう)the Southern Song滅ぼしdestroyed

Yuan destroyed the Southern Song in 1279 (Koan 2nd year),

再度の日本遠征the second expedition to Japanのため江南(こうなん)(チヤンナン)Jiangnan兵船600600 warshipsを、高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo900900 warships修造repaired命じordered

For the second expedition to Japan, he ordered 600 warships to be repaired in Gangnam and 900 in Goryeo.

招諭使(しょうゆし)Shoyushi(諸国・諸民族に朝貢を促すために派遣される使者)として(そう)the Song Dynasty周福(しゅう・ふく)Zhou Fu派遣dispatchedしてきた。

As an envoy, Shu Fu of the Song dynasty was dispatched.

幕府(ばくふ)shogunate鎮西奉行(ちんぜい・ぶぎょう)Chinzei magistrateに命じて周福(しゅう・ふく)Zhou Fu博多(はかた)Hakata福岡県Fukuoka Prefecture)で斬らせた。

The shogunate ordered the Chinzei magistrate to kill Shu Fuku in Hakata.


忻都(きんと)Chinto蒙古人Mongolian

洪茶丘(こう・さきゅう)Hong Dagu高麗人

弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


1281年(弘安(こうあん)4年)朝鮮Korea合浦(かっぽ)Kappo出発departedした忻都(きんと)Chinto蒙古人Mongolian)・洪茶丘(こう・さきゅう)Hong Dagu高麗人)が指揮commandedする4万のthe 40,000-strong東路軍(とうろぐん)Eastern Route Armyは、

In 1281 (Koan 4th year), the 40,000-strong Eastern Route Army commanded by Kinto and Hong Chakyu departed from Kappo in Korea.

対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県)・壱岐(いき)Iki長崎県)を侵してinvaded 1281年(弘安(こうあん)4年)66博多(はかた)Hakata福岡県)に迫ったapproachedが、

They invaded Tsushima and Iki and approached Hakata on June 6, 1281 (Koan 4).

小舟small boatsによる攻撃Attacks要害石築地(ようがい・いしついじ)fortified stone groundsに拠る逆襲counterattacksにあって上陸landing阻止blockedされ、鷹島(たかじま)Takazima長崎県)に退いたwithdrew

Attacks by small boats and counterattacks from Ishitsukiji blocked their landing, and they withdrew to Takajima.


范文虎(はん・ぶんこ)Fan Wenhu

南宋(なんそう)people from the Southern Song Dynasty


弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōan

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


2か月遅れてAbout two months later范文虎(はん・ぶんこ)Fan Wenhuが率いる南宋(なんそう)10100,000 people from the Southern Song Dynasty江南軍(こうなんぐん)the Jiangnan armyは、東路軍(とうろぐん)the Eastern Route Army会同joined withして博多湾(はかたわん)Hakata Bay福岡県)を目指したheaded forが、夜暴風雨が襲いby a storm at night遠征軍the expeditionary force壊滅destroyedした。

About two months later, the Jiangnan army of 100,000 people from the Southern Song Dynasty, led by Fan Bunko, joined with the Eastern Route army and headed for Hakata Bay, but the expeditionary force was destroyed by a storm at night.

残った兵船200200 warships兵員3万人30,000 soldiers捕虜20002,000 prisoners of warと言われる。

It is said that 200 warships remained, 30,000 soldiers, and 2,000 prisoners of war.

これが弘安の役(こうあん・の・えき)Battle of Kōanであり、二度に渡る(げん)the Yuan dynasty来襲two invasions元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japanと言う。

This is Koan no Eki, and the two invasions of Gen Yuan are called Genko.


モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire


(げん)the Yuan dynasty3次の遠征a third expeditionを企てたが

Yuan Yuan planned a third expedition.

(げん)the Yuan dynasty支配rule物資・人員調達procurement of supplies and personnelに対する南宋(なんそう)the Southern Song民衆people一揆uprising反乱rebellion

uprisings and uprisings of the Southern Song people against Yuan Yuan's rule and procurement of supplies and personnel;

1282弘安(こうあん)5年)からは占城(せんじょう)Champa交趾(こうし)JiaozhiベトナムVietnam)の反抗rebellionが起こり、

From 1282 (Koan 5th year), rebellion of Champa and Kochi (Vietnam) occurred.


フビライ・ハン忽必烈Kublai Khan世祖(せいそ)Shizu)(在位12601294

チンギス・ハンChingis Khangrandson


1294年(永仁(えいにん)2年)フビライ・ハン忽必烈Kublai Khan世祖(せいそ)Shizu)(在位12601294)のdeathによって消滅disappearedした。

It disappeared in 1294 (2nd year of Einin) with the death of the founder (Kublai Khan).

幕府(ばくふ)shogunate外征計画expedition planとともに、3次来襲the third attack備えてIn preparation全国nationwide公領public territories荘園manors内の非御家人の武士non-gokenin samuraiをも動員mobilizeする権限authorized朝廷the Imperial Courtに認めさせ、

In preparation for the third attack, the bakufu authorized the Imperial Court to mobilize non-gokenin samurai from public territories and manors nationwide,

長門探題(ながと・たんだい)Nagato Tandaiに続いて鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandaiを設けて北条一族the Hojo clanを任じ、西国(さいごく)Western Provinces一帯area勢力を伸ばしたextended his influence

Following the Nagato Tandai, he established the Chinzei Tandai, appointed the Hojo clan, and extended his influence over the Saigoku area.


長門探題(ながと・たんだい)Nagato Tandai

鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai


長門探題と鎮西探題

Nagato Tandai and Chinzei Tandai

長門探題(ながと・たんだい)Nagato Tandai中国探題(ちゅうごく・たんだい)Chūgoku Tandaiとも言い、文永の役(ぶんえい・の・えき)Battle of Bun'ei後に長門守護(ながと・しゅご)として赴任した北条宗頼(ほうじょう・むねより)Hōjō Muneyori北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune異母弟half-brother)が

Nagato Tandai, also known as Chugoku Tandai, was Hojo who was appointed as Nagato Shugo after the Bunei War. Muneyori (Hojo Muneyori)

御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate統制controllingに加え、警固番役(けいご・ばんやく)the role of a guardの沙汰など権限を拡大expanded his authorityし、また周防(すおう)Suō Province山口県東南半分)守護(しゅご)Shugo(military) governor)(protector)(constable)を兼ねて探題(たんだい)Tandaiと称した。

In addition to controlling gokenin, he expanded his authority to include the role of a guard, and called himself Tandai, which also served as the guardian of Suo.

鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandaiとも言い、1293年(永仁(えいにん)年)(げん)the Yuan army防備protect九州統治rule Kyushuのため博多(はかた)Hakata福岡県)に設置された。

The Chinzei Tandai, also known as the Kyushu Tandai, moved to Hakata in 1293 (the first year of the Einin era) to protect the former army and rule Kyushu. Installed.

1296年(永仁(えいにん)4年)北条実政(ほうじょう・さねまさ)Hōjō Sanemasa北条実時(ほうじょう・さねとき)Hōjō Sanetokison)が赴任assigned to this postすると、九州全域the whole of Kyushuに渡る軍事指揮権the power to command military forces訴訟裁断権the right to adjudicate lawsuitsを具備することになった。

In 1296 (Einin 4th year), Sanemasa HOJO was assigned to this post, and he was given the power to command military forces over the whole of Kyushu and the right to adjudicate lawsuits.


北条時頼(ほうじょう・ときより)Hōjō Tokiyori

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第五代執権(しっけん)the fifth shikken (regent)

北条時氏(ほうじょう・ときうじ)Hōjō Tokiuji次男second son

北条経時(ほうじょう・つねとき)Hōjō Tsunetoki同母弟maternal younger brother

北条泰時ほうじょう・やすとき)Hōjō Yoshitokigrandson

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimunefather


幕府の衰退Decline of the Shogunate

北条得宗(ほうじょう・とくそう)の専制

The despotism of Hojo Tokuso

すでに北条時頼(ほうじょう・ときより)Hōjō Tokiyori5代執権)執権(しっけん)Shikkena regent of the shogunate)の頃から、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate内部における北条氏(ほうじょうし)the Hojo clan独裁傾向dictatorial tendenciesは強くなっていたが、

Since the time Hojo Tokiyori (5th regent) was in power, the Hojo clan's dictatorial tendencies within the shogunate had become stronger.

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japanを機に北条氏(ほうじょうし)the Hojo clanのなかでも家督を継ぐinherited the family headship嫡流the main branch、すなわち得宗(とくそう)Tokusō幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate権力power集中concentrated専制体制despotic system確立establishedした。

With the Genko invasion, the power of the shogunate was concentrated on the Tokuso, the main branch of the Hojo clan that inherited the family headship, and a despotic system was established.


北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第八代執権(しっけん)the eighth shikken

北条時頼(ほうじょう・ときより)Hōjō Tokiyori次男second son

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan


執権(しっけん)Shikkena regent of the shogunate北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune8代執権the eighth shikken)は、

Regent (regent) Hojo Tokimune (Hojo Tokimune) (8th regent)

評定衆(ひょうじょう・しゅう)Hyōjōshū引付衆(ひきつけ・しゅう)Hikitsukeshū一族一門の者members of the clanを加え、執権政治(しっけん・せいじ)regency politics伝統traditionである合議制the collegial system形式化formalizeし、

In addition to Hyojo and Hikitsuke, members of the clan were added to formalize the collegial system, a tradition of regency politics.

また(げん)the Yuan dynasty来襲invasion口実pretextに、長門(ながと)Nagato Province山口県Yamaguchi Prefecture西半分)周防(すおう)Suō Province山口県Yamaguchi Prefecture東南半分)・筑後(ちくご)Chikugo Province福岡県(ふくおかけん)Fukuoka Prefecture南部)など西国(さいごく)Western Provinces守護(しゅご)Shugo(military) governor)(protector)(constable一門の手the hands of the clanに収めた。

In addition, on the pretext of Gen Yuan's invasion, Nagato, Suo, Chikugo, and other shugo (guardians) of the western provinces were taken into the hands of the clan.

それとともに、得宗家(とくそうけ)Tokusō family家臣(かしん)vassalsである御内人(みうちびと)Miuchibito(その筆頭the head内管領(ないかんれい)Naikanreiという)が、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate内で大きな力great powerを持った。

At the same time, vassals of the Tokuso family, Miuchibito (the head of whom was called Naikanrei), had great power within the bakufu.


北条義時(ほうじょう・よしとき)Hōjō Yoshitoki11631224

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第二代執権(しっけん)the second shikken

北条時政(ほうじょう・ときまさ)Hōjō Tokimasa次男second son

北条政子(ほうじょう・まさこ)Hōjō Masako11571225younger brother


得宗(とくそう)Tokusō

得宗徳宗)(とくそう)Tokusōとは北条義時(ほうじょう・よしとき)Hōjō Yoshitoki2代執権(しっけん)the second shikken法名(ほうみょう)the Buddhist nameであったことから始まる。

Tokuso originated from the Buddhist name of Yoshitoki HOJO (the second regent).

それが代々北条氏(ほうじょうし)the Hojo clan家督相続者family estate heir惣領(そうりょう)Soryo)を指すこととなった。

For generations, it has come to refer to the heir to the Hojo clan (Soryo).


霜月騒動(しもつき・そうどう)Shimotsuki Disturbance弘安合戦(こうあん・かっせん)Kōan War


北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第九代執権(しっけん)the ninth shikken

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimuneson

永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)Einin no Tokuseirei


安達泰盛(あだち・やすもり)Adachi Yasumori12311285

源頼朝(みなもとの・よりとも)Minamoto no Yoritomo伊豆流人exile in Izu時代からの側近close aideである安達盛長(あだち・もりなが)Adachi Morinaga曾孫Great-grandson

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune正室lawful wife安達泰盛(あだち・やすもり)Adachi Yasumori異母妹half sister

北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki叔父Uncle

霜月騒動(しもつき・そうどう)Shimotsuki Disturbance弘安合戦(こうあん・かっせん)Kōan War


霜月騒動(しもつき・そうどう)

Shimotsuki Disturbance

評定衆(ひょうじょう・しゅう)Hyōjōshūに列しdaughter北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimune8代執権(しっけん)the eighth shikken)に嫁がせ、

Listed as Hyojo Shu and married off his daughter to Hōjō Tokimune (8th regent).

次の執権(しっけん)Shikkena regent of the shogunate北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki9代執権(しっけん)the ninth shikken)の外祖父maternal grandfatherとして隠然たる勢力hidden influenceを持っていた安達泰盛(あだち・やすもり)Adachi Yasumori12311285)は、

Adachi Yasumori (1231-1285), who had hidden influence as the maternal grandfather of the next regent Hojo Sadatoki (9th regent),

御家人勢力の頭目the head of the Gokenin powerと目されていたが、北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimuneの死後、

He was regarded as the head of the Gokenin power, but after the death of Hojo Tokimune,

御内人(みうちびと)Miuchibito勢力powerを代表する内管領(ないかんれい)Naikanrei平頼綱(たいらの・よりつな)Taira no Yoritsuna(?~1294)と激しく対立fierce confrontationするようになった。

He came into a fierce confrontation with Taira no Yoritsuna (?-1294), an inner Kanrei who represented the power of the Miuchibito.


平頼綱(たいらの・よりつな)Taira no Yoritsuna(?~1294

北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki乳母nannyfather

霜月騒動(しもつき・そうどう)Shimotsuki Disturbance弘安合戦(こうあん・かっせん)Kōan War


1285年(弘安(こうあん)8年)、安達泰盛(あだち・やすもり)Adachi Yasumorison安達宗景(あだち・むねかげ)Adachi Munekage源氏姓the name of Genjiを名乗ったことから謀反rebellionありとして、

In 1285 (8th year of Koan), Adachi Munekage, the son of Adachi Yasumori, took the name of Genji, and was accused of rebellion.

平頼綱(たいらの・よりつな)Taira no Yoritsuna安達一族the Adachi clan上野(こうづけ)Kōzuke Province群馬県Gunma Prefecture武蔵(むさし)Musashi Province東京都Tokyo Metropolis埼玉県Saitama Prefecture神奈川県Kanagawa Prefecture有力御家人influential vassals 500余人を滅ぼしたdestroyed

Taira no Yoritsuna destroyed the Adachi clan and over 500 influential vassals of Kozuke and Musashi.

この霜月騒動(しもつき・そうどう)Shimotsuki Disturbance弘安合戦(こうあん・かっせん)Kōan War)のあと8年間におよぶ平頼綱(たいらの・よりつな)Taira no Yoritsuna恐怖政治が展開reign of terror unfoldedされたが、

After the Shimotsuki Sodo (Koan Kassen), Taira no Yoritsuna's reign of terror unfolded for eight years.


長崎高資(ながさき・たかすけ)Nagasaki Takasuke

得宗家(とくそうけ)Tokusō family御内人(みうちびと)Miuchibito内管領(ないかんれい)Naikanrei


1293年(永仁(えいにん)年)平頼綱(たいらの・よりつな)Taira no Yoritsuna殺されたkilledのち、長崎高資(ながさき・たかすけ)Nagasaki Takasuke内管領(ないかんれい)Naikanreiとして実権powerを握った。

In 1293, after Taira no Yoritsuna was killed, Nagasaki Takasuke assumed power as Uchikanrei.

北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki9代執権(しっけん)the ninth shikken)(在職12851311)の代に30か国以上の守護職(しゅごしき)Shugoshiki北条一族the Hojo family占有occupiedしたが、

During the reign of Hojo Sadatoki (9th regent) (1285-1311), the Hojo family occupied Shugoshiki in more than 30 countries.

御内人(みうちびと)Miuchibito背景backgroundとした得宗専制政治(とくそう・せんせい・せいじ)The Tokuso tyranny一般御家人general gokenin反発oppositionを買い、幕府の政治the politics of the shogunate動揺を強めたbecame more turbulent

The Tokuso tyranny against the background of the Miuchibito caused opposition from the general gokenin, and the politics of the shogunate became more turbulent.


御家人の窮乏(ごけにん・の・きゅうぼう)the poverty of the gokenin


御家人の窮乏the Poverty of the Gokenin

幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate権力基盤power base御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate軍事力や経済力military and economic powerにあったが、元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japanのあと、御家人の窮乏(ごけにん・の・きゅうぼう)the poverty of the gokenin目立ってきたbecame conspicuous

The power base of the shogunate was based on the military and economic power of the gokenin, but after the Genko invasion, the poverty of the gokenin became conspicuous. It's here.

御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)は名田(みょうでん)private rice field経営manageを行い、地頭(じとう)land steward補任(ぶにん)appointedされるとその収益で生活するlive on the profitsのが普通commonであったが、鎌倉時代後期In the latter half of the periodには分割相続division and inheritance繰り返しの結果as a result of repeated所領が零細化したthe territory became smaller

It was common for a gokenin to manage a private rice field and to live on the profits when appointed as a land steward. In the latter half of the period, as a result of repeated division and inheritance, the territory became smaller.

しかも元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan動員mobilizedされた御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)は費用を負担bearing the expensesしながらほとんど恩賞(おんしょう)rewardsにあずからず、生活が深刻化したtheir lives became serious

Moreover, the Gokenin, who were mobilized by the Genko, did not receive any rewards while bearing the expenses, and their lives became serious.

貨幣経済の発展the development of the money economyにつれて成長grownしてきた商人merchantsや、借上(かしあげ)kashiageと呼ばれた金融業者financiersらに対して、所領を売ったり質入れするsold or pledged their territories御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)が多くなった。

The number of gokenin (gokenin) who sold or pledged their territories to merchants and financiers called kashiage, who had grown with the development of the money economy, increased.


北条貞時(ほうじょう・さだとき)Hōjō Sadatoki

鎌倉幕府(かまくら・ばくふ)Kamakura shogunate第九代執権(しっけん)the ninth shikken

北条時宗(ほうじょう・ときむね)Hōjō Tokimuneson

永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)Einin no Tokuseirei


永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)Einin no Tokuseirei


永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)

Einin no Tokuseirei

幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateは、元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japanから20年余more than 20 yearsを経た1297年(永仁(えいにん)5年)、窮乏の御家人(ごけにん)the impoverished vassals救うsaveため、永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)Einin no Tokuseireiを出した。

In 1297 (5th year of the Einin era), more than 20 years after the Genko invasion, the shogunate issued the Einin no Tokuseirei to save the impoverished vassals. I issued a book called "Nno Tokusei Rei".

 

御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)の所領売買・質入れsale and purchase of territories禁止Prohibitionし、

Prohibition of sale and purchase of territories by Gokenin,

 

御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)が財力のあるwealthy御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)に売却soldした所領Landで、売却後20年未満sold less than 20 years agoの土地は無償free of chargeもとの持主the original owner返させreturned

Land that was sold by a gokenin to a wealthy gokenin that was sold less than 20 years ago will be returned to the original owner free of charge.

また非御家人non-gokenin庶民commoners売却soldした所領territoriesは、年限をかぎらずregardless of the term無償free of chargeでもとの持主original owners返させreturned

In addition, the territories sold to non-gokenin and commoners will be returned to the original owners free of charge regardless of the term.

 

御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)の所領の貸借の訴訟lawsuits for lending the territories幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate受け付けないnot to acceptことにした。

The shogunate decided not to accept lawsuits for lending the territories of Gokenin.


永仁の徳政令(えいにん・の・とくせいれい)Einin no Tokuseirei


これによって御家人(ごけにん)Gokenina vassal of the shogunate)は一時的に救われたtemporarily savedが、かえって金融の道が閉ざされてclosed the way of finance生活を苦しめるmade life difficultことになり、経済を混乱disrupted the economyさせ幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate権威authority失墜underminedさせた。

This temporarily saved the Gokenin, but on the contrary, it closed the way of finance and made life difficult, disrupted the economy, and undermined the authority of the shogunate.

そのため、翌年the following year撤回withdrawnされた。

As a result, and were withdrawn the following year.


























































 









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