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2023年11月30日木曜日

日本史18 Japanese history 18

東アジアの情勢と日明貿易

Situation in East Asia and

Japan-Ming trade

足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職13681394

(みん)the Ming dynasty

(みん)the Ming dynasty


二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat

二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat


二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boatは、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navy飛行艇(ひこうてい)Flying boat

The Type 2 flying boat is a flying boat of the Japanese Navy.

レシプロ・エンジンReciprocating engine装備Equipment飛行艇(ひこうてい)Flying boatとしては、当時at that time世界最高の性能the highest performance in the worldを誇る傑作機The most outstanding aircraftとされる。

As a flying boat equipped with a reciprocating engine, it is said to be a masterpiece with the highest performance in the world at the time.

二式大型飛行艇(にしき・おおがた・ひこうてい)Type 2 Large-sized Flying Boatとも呼ばれ、二式大艇(にしき・だいてい)Type 2 Large Boat通称common nameも持つ。

It is also called Type 2 large flying boat, and also has the common name of Type 2 large boat.


九七式飛行艇(きゅうななしき・ひこうてい) Type 97 Flying Boat


九七式飛行艇(きゅうななしき・ひこうてい)Type 97 Flying Boat後継機Successorとして、同じく川西航空機Kawanishi Aircraft Company生産productionされた。

It was also produced by Kawanishi Aircraft as a successor to the Type 97 flying boat.

連合軍Allied forcesにおけるコードネームCode nameエミリーEmily

Her code name in the Allied Forces is Emily.


二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat


制式採用Formal adoption直後の1942年(昭和17年)34日には、大航続力great cruising powerを生かして2機で真珠湾Pearl Harbor再空襲Re-air raidした(K作戦Operation K)。

Immediately after its adoption, on March 4, 1942, two aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor again (Operation K), taking advantage of their great cruising power.

だが37日のミッドウェー島Midway Atoll長距離偵察Long range reconnaissanceで、米軍US Armed Forces戦闘機Fighter aircraft迎撃Interception撃墜Shoot downされ、二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat最初の戦闘喪失機Battle lost aircraftとなった。

However, on March 7, during a long-range reconnaissance mission on Midway Island, she was intercepted and shot down by a U.S. military fighter, becoming the first Type 2 large boat to be lost in combat.

その後も高速high speed航続力Cruising powerを生かしてエスピリッツサント島Espiritu Santo IslandオーストラリアAustralia本土main landセイロン島Ceylon IslandカルカッタCalcuttaといった長距離long-distance偵察reconnaissance爆撃bombingに活躍した。

After that, it continued to take advantage of its high speed and range, and was used for long-distance reconnaissance and bombing missions such as Espiritu Santo Island, mainland Australia, Ceylon Island, and Calcutta.


秋津洲(あきつしま) Akitsushima 水上機母艦 Seaplane tender


ソロモン諸島the Solomon Islands方面に投入された二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boatは、水上機母艦Seaplane tender秋津洲(あきつしま)」の支援supportを受けて活動している。

The Type 2 large boat deployed to the Solomon Islands is operating with support from the seaplane tender Akitsushima.


二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat


1943年(昭和18年)11月には、アメリカ軍US Armed ForcesロッキードP-38 ライトニングLockheed P-38 Lightning40分交戦a 40-minute engagementした。

In November 1943, it engaged in a 40-minute engagement with the American Lockheed P-38 Lightning.

さらに1944年(昭和19年)以降は日本軍Imperial Japanese Forces多発機Multi-engine aircraftの中にあって、防御defensesが弱かった一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraftなどに比べると遥かに連合軍Allied forcesにとって危険な相手Dangerous opponentだった。

Furthermore, since 1944, it was part of the Japanese military's multi-purpose aircraft, and was a far more dangerous opponent for the Allied forces than the Type 1 land attack aircraft, which had weaker defenses.

B-25ミッチェルNorth American B-25 MitchellB-17フライング・フォートレスBoeing B-17 Flying Fortressといったアメリカ軍US Armed Forces大型陸上機Large Land-based Aircraftを積極的に追撃pursuitして撃墜Shoot downした記録もある。

There is also a record of actively pursuing and shooting down large American ground planes such as the B-25 Mitchell and B-17 Flying Fortress.


二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat


また1945年(昭和20年)3月の第二次丹作戦(たん・さくせん)Operation Tan No. 2 銀河(ぎんが)Land-based Bomber Gingaによる長距離long-distance特攻作戦special attack operation)に代表される長距離long-distance索敵enemy search誘導任務Guidance missionトラックTruk IslandラバウルRabaulといった孤立した基地Isolated baseへの強行輸送Forced transportation搭乗員救出rescuing crew membersなどを行ったこともあって、成果を挙げるachieving resultsと同時に損害causing lossesも出している。

In addition, long-distance enemy search and guidance missions such as the Second Operation Tan (a long-distance special attack operation by Ginga) in March 1945, and forced raids on isolated bases such as Truk and Rabaul were conducted. Their work involved transporting and rescuing crew members, and while they were achieving results, they were also causing losses.


(みん)the Ming dynasty

倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


6 Chapter 6

大名領国制の形成

Formation of the Feudal lord system

2 Section 2

東アジアの情勢と日明貿易

Situation in East Asia and

Japan-Ming trade


モンゴル帝国蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire


東アジアの情勢Situation in East Asia

元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan以後、日本Japan(げん)the Yuan Dynastyとの間には正式の国交formal diplomatic relationsは開かれなかったが、九州(きゅうしゅう)KyushuNine Provinces瀬戸内海沿岸the coast of the Seto Inland Sea住民the residentsたちは、中国大陸mainland China朝鮮半島the Korean peninsulaに出かけて、盛んに私貿易private tradeを行っていた。

After the Genko invasion, formal diplomatic relations were not established between Japan and Yuan Dynasty, but the residents of Kyushu and the coast of the Seto Inland Sea went to mainland China and the Korean peninsula and actively engaged in private trade.


足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takauji1305年~1358年)(53歳)


後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor Go-Daigo


夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Soseki12751351

臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school


足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takaujiは、後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor Go-Daigo冥福を祈るpray for the repose of the soulため、夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Soseki12751351)を迎えてinvited京都(きょうと)Kyoto嵯峨(さが)Saga天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji建てたbuiltが、その費用を得るobtain the costため、1342年(康永1年)、天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-bune(げん)the Yuan Dynasty派遣dispatchedした。

Ashikaga Takauji invited Soseki Muso (1275-1351) to pray for the repose of the soul of Emperor Godaigo and built Tenryu-ji Temple in Saga, Kyoto.

In 1342 (Koei 1), the Tenryu-ji ship was dispatched to Gen to obtain the cost.


天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji 臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school

京都市(きょうとし)Kyoto City右京区(うきょうく)Ukyō-ku嵯峨(さが)Saga


天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji 石庭(せきてい)rock garden


天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji宗旨(しゅうし)founded on臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school、のち京都五山(きょうと・ござん)Kyoto GozanFive Mountains)。

Tenryu-ji Temple was founded on the Rinzai sect of Buddhism, later known as the Gozan of Kyoto.

その石庭(せきてい)rock garden西芳寺(さいほうじ)Saihō-ji苔寺(こけでら)Koke-dera)の石庭(せきてい)rock gardenとともに、夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Sosekiworkとして名高い。

The rock garden is famous as the work of Soseki Muso, along with the rock garden of Saihoji (Kokedera).

しかし1339年(延元4年)に足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takauji創建founded the templeした当初、打ち続く戦乱ongoing warfareのため、伽藍(がらん)garan整備constructionはなかなか進まなかった。

However, when Takauji Ashikaga founded the temple in 1339, due to ongoing warfare, the construction of the garan did not progress.


天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-bune


天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-buneこの工事費を得るobtain the construction costsため、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate博多(はかた)Hakata貿易商人a trader至本(しほん)Shihon渡元(とげん)travel to the Yuan Dynasty公許permissionを与え、さらに海賊piratesなどからの保護protectionを約束し、船の帰国後after the ship returned to Japan5000貫文5,000 kanmon船主ship ownerから献上presentさせたものである。

In order to obtain the construction costs for the Tenryu-jibune, the shogunate gave a trader in Hakata, Shihon, permission to travel to the port, promised protection from pirates, etc., and had the ship owner present 5,000 kanmon after the ship returned to Japan.


日明勘合貿易船(にちみん・かんごう・ぼうえき・せん)Japan-Ming rigging trading ships


この天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-bune派遣dispatch形式formは、のちの日明勘合貿易船(にちみん・かんごう・ぼうえき・せん)Japan-Ming rigging trading ships運営形態management影響impactを与えた。

This form of Tenryu-jibune dispatch had an impact on the management of the Nichi-Ming Kango trading ships later.


倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


鎌倉時代の末the end of the Kamakura periodから室町時代Muromachi periodにかけ、わが国の私貿易船private trading shipsのなかには海賊化became piratesし、朝鮮半島the Korean Peninsula中国大陸mainland China沿岸the coasts荒らしまわるdevastatedものがあった。

From the end of the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, some of Japan's private trading ships became pirates and devastated the coasts of the Korean Peninsula and mainland China.

これを、当時の中国China朝鮮Koreaでは倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)と呼んだ。

This was called Wako in China and Korea at the time.

倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)は船団を組んで行動acted in fleetsし、日本人Japaneseだけでなく中国人Chineseその他の国の人々people from other countriesも含まれていた。

The Japanese pirates acted in fleets, including not only Japanese but also Chinese and people from other countries.

主な根拠地main basesは、肥前(ひぜん)Hizen Province佐賀県(さがけん)Saga Prefecture長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture松浦(まつら)Matsura対馬(つしま)Tsushima壱岐(いき)Iki五島列島the Goto Islands瀬戸内の島々the islands of the Seto Inland Seaなどであった。

The main bases were Hizen Matsura, Tsushima, Iki, the Goto Islands, and the islands of the Seto Inland Sea.


倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の活動が特に目立ったのは、13世紀後半the latter half of the 13th centuryから15世紀初めthe beginning of the 15th centuryにかけての時期であった。

The period from the latter half of the 13th century to the beginning of the 15th century was particularly conspicuous for the activities of the Japanese pirates.

戦国期the Sengoku periodに再び活発化する後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokouに対して前期倭寇(ぜんき・わこう)Early wokouとも言うが、このとき倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の被害damageがとりわけ大きかったのは高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoで、ricebeansのほか奴隷労働力slave labor forceとしての必要から人間が略奪people were plunderedされ、その被害の大きさThe scale of the damage高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo衰亡の一因one of the reasons for the declineとなった。

In contrast to the Late Wako, which became active again during the Sengoku period, it is also called the Early Wako, but the damage caused by the Wako was particularly heavy in Goryeo at this time, and people were plundered because they needed rice and beans as a slave labor force.

The scale of the damage was one of the reasons for the decline of Goryeo.


今川貞世(いまがわ・さだよ)Imagawa Sadayo今川了俊(いまがわ・りょうしゅん)Imagawa Ryōshun)(13261420


そのため高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の禁圧suppressをしばしばわが国に要請し、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandai鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai)の今川貞世(いまがわ・さだよ)Imagawa Sadayo今川了俊(いまがわ・りょうしゅん)Imagawa Ryōshun)(13261420)もこれに応じたが効果はなかった。

For this reason, Goryeo often requested Japan to suppress the Japanese pirates, and the shogunate and Kyushu Tandai (Chinzei Tandai) Imagawa Ryoshun (1326-1420) responded to this request, but to no avail.


李成桂り・せいけい(イ・ソンゲ)Yi Seong-gye1335年~1408年)


朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea

倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


やがて高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeo滅びfell朝鮮Koreaでは倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates討伐suppressionに戦功のあった李成桂り・せいけい(イ・ソンゲ)Yi Seong-gye1335年~1408年)が、1392年(明徳3年)、朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)を建国foundedした。

Goryeo eventually fell, and in Korea, Lee Sung-gye (1335-1408), who had distinguished himself in the suppression of the Japanese pirates, founded Korea in 1392 (Myeongdeok 3).


足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職13681394

室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi shogunate第三代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the third Sei-i Taishōgun

足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga Yoshiakira長男the First son


朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)は足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職13681394)に対して日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea trade倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の禁止banを求め、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuもこれに応じて倭寇(わこう)Wokou禁止策a policy to banをたてたり、倭寇(わこう)Wokouに捕らえられていた朝鮮人Koreans送還repatriatedしたりしたが、朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)の倭寇(わこう)Wokouに対する悩みworriesはその後も止まらなかった。

Joseon (Ye Dynasty Korea) asked Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (1368-1394) to ban Japan-North Korea trade and wako (Japanese pirates), and Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA responded by devising a policy to ban wako (Japanese pirates) and repatriated Koreans who had been captured by Japanese pirates, but Korea (Yi Dynasty Korea)'s worries about wako continued. was


(みん)the Ming dynasty

倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates


朱元璋(しゅ・げんしょう)Zhu Yuanzhang太祖(たいそ)Taizu洪武帝(こうぶ・てい))Hongwu Emperor(在位13681398


中国China倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の被害damagedを受けた。

China was also damaged by the Japanese pirates.

当時、倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)は山東(さんとう)Shandong沿岸the coastを中心に、south福建(ふっけん)Fujian沿岸the coastにまで略奪plunderingを行っていた。

At that time, the Japanese pirates were plundering mainly along the coast of Shandong and as far south as the coast of Fujian.

折から中国Chinaでは、1368年、朱元璋(しゅ・げんしょう)Zhu Yuanzhang太祖(たいそ)Taizu洪武帝(こうぶ・てい))Hongwu Emperor(在位13681398)が(げん)the Yuan dynasty北方northward追ってfollowed漢民族Han people王朝dynastyである(みん)the Ming dynasty建国establishedした。

Around that time, in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Taisho Hongwu) (reigned 1368-1398) followed the Yuan Dynasty northward and established the Ming dynasty of the Han people.


征西将軍宮(せいせい・しょうぐん・の・みや)Seisei Shogun no Miya懐良親王(かねよし・しんのう)Prince Kaneyoshi


しかし、(みん)the Ming dynastyとわが国の間には、私的な貿易船の往来private trade ships coming and goingはあったが正式の国交official diplomatic relationshipはなく、倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の活動activities悩まされたannoyed洪武帝(こうぶ・てい)Hongwu Emperorは、はじめ九州(きゅうしゅう)KyushuNine Provinces)にあった南朝(なんちょう)Southern Court征西将軍宮(せいせい・しょうぐん・の・みや)Seisei Shogun no Miya懐良親王(かねよし・しんのう)Prince Kaneyoshi後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor Go-Daigoson)に対して、(みん)the Ming dynastyへの朝貢(ちょうこう)Tribute倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の禁圧suppress求めてaskedきたが成功しなかった。

However, there was no official diplomatic relationship between the Ming and Japan, although there were private trade ships coming and going, and Emperor Kobu, who was annoyed by the activities of the Japanese pirates, first asked the Seisei Shogun Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi (son of Emperor Godaigo), who was in Kyushu, to pay tribute to the Ming and suppress the Japanese pirates, but to no avail.

そこで、(みん)the Ming dynastyは独自に倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)を鎮圧suppressedしたり、日本との私貿易private trade with Japan禁じたprohibitedりしたが、あまり効果はあがらなかった。

Therefore, the Ming dynasty independently suppressed the Wako and prohibited private trade with Japan, but it was not very effective.


足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職13681394


日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)

The Japan-Ming trade

日明間between Japan and Mingには、はじめ正式な国交formal diplomatic relationsはなかったが、全国を統一unified the countryした足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職13681394)(3代将軍)は、(みん)the Ming dynasty倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の取り締まりcrack down正式な通交formal diplomatic relationsの求めに応じる政策measuresをとった。

At first, there was no formal diplomatic relations between Japan and Ming, but Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (1368-1394), who unified the country (the third shogun), took measures to crack down on the Ming's wako (Japanese pirates) and respond to requests for formal diplomatic relations.

利益の多い対明貿易The profitable trade with Mingは、商人merchants守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōからも望まれるところであった。

The profitable trade with Ming was also desired by merchants and Shugo Daimyo.


足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuは、1401年(応永8年)、九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandai鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai)に倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)を取り締まらせるcrack downとともに、monk祖阿(そあ)Soa博多の商人Hakata merchant肥富(こいづみ)Koizumi(みん)the Ming dynasty派遣dispatchedし、国交diplomatic relationsを求めた。

In 1401, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ordered the Kyushu Tandai (Chinzei Tandai) to crack down on the Japanese pirates, and dispatched the monk Soa and Hakata merchant Koizumi to Ming to seek diplomatic relations.

1402年(応永9年)、(みん)the Ming dynasty皇帝emperorは、「日本国王源道義(にほん・こくおう・げん・どうぎ)Gen Dogi, the king of Japan」((みなもと)Minamoto足利(あしかが)Ashikaga本姓real surname道義(どうぎ)Dogi足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu法号legal name)宛ての返書a letter(みん)the Ming dynasty大統暦(だいとうれき)the Ming Dynasty calendarを与えた。

In the following year, 1402, the Ming emperor sent a letter addressed to ``Minamoto Dogi, the king of Japan'' (Minamoto was Ashikaga's real surname and Dogi was Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's legal name) and gave the Ming Dynasty calendar.

当時中国の王朝the Chinese dynastyからa calendarを与えられることは、中国に服属subordination to Chinaすることを意味していた。

At that time, being given a calendar by the Chinese dynasty meant subordination to China.


日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade


日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade

日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming trade


これに応じて足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu1403年(応永10年)、「日本国王臣源(にほん・こくおう・しん・げん)Japan's king Shingen」と臣下の礼the courtesy of a vassalをとった署名の上表文a signed letter(みん)the Ming dynasty皇帝emperorに送り、日本国王(にほん・こくおう)から(みん)the Ming dynasty皇帝emperorへの朝貢(ちょうこう)tributes皇帝emperorからそれへの下賜品(かしひん)giftsという朝貢貿易(ちょうこう・ぼうえき)tribute tradeformをとって、日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming trade1404年(応永11年)に開始beganされた。

In response to this, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA also sent a signed letter to the Ming emperor in 1403 (Oei 10), saying 'Japan's king Shingen' with the courtesy of a vassal. was done.

The Japan-Ming trade began in 1404 (Ouei 11) in the form of a tribute trade consisting of tributes from the Japanese king to the Ming emperor and gifts from the emperor to it.

貿易trade朝貢(ちょうこう)形式in the form of tributeのため関税customs dutyはなく、滞在費やそのほかの経費the cost of staying and other expensesまで(みん)the Ming dynasty負担coveredしたので、それだけ利益も大きかったthe profit was large

Since the trade was in the form of tribute, there was no customs duty, and Ming covered the cost of staying and other expenses, so the profit was large.


勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu 勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging trade


このとき遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynastyは、倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)や私貿易船private trading shipsと区別するため、(みん)the Ming dynastyから交付issuedされる勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuと呼ばれる証符a certificate持参carryすることが義務obligatedとなった。

At this time, Kenminsen became obligated to carry a certificate called kangofu issued by Ming in order to distinguish it from Japanese pirates and private trading ships.

いわゆる勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging trade方式a methodである。

It is a method of so-called rigging trade (rigging trade).

 

勘合(かんごう)Kangoは、「日本(にっぽん)Nippon」の二字two charactersを「(にち)Nichi字勘合(じかんごう)と「(ほん)Hon字勘合(じかんごう)に分け、それぞれ中央から折半して、一方を勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu、他方を勘合底簿(かんごうていぼ)Kango teiboと呼び、両国でそれぞれ一方を保管した。

Kango divides the two characters of ``Nippon'' into ``Nichi'' and ``Hon,'' and divides them in half from the center.

One was called kangofu and the other was called kangojikobo, and each country kept one.

そして、(みん)the Ming dynastyからのShips日字勘合符(にちじ・かんごうふ)Nichiji Kangofuを、日本JapanからのShips本字勘合符(ほんじ・かんごうふ)Honji Kangofuを持参し、それぞれの底簿(ていぼ)Teibo照合checkedした。

Ships from Ming brought Nichiji Kangofu, and ships from Japan brought Honji Kangofu, and checked them against the respective records.

なお、勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu(みん)the Ming dynasty皇帝emperorが代わるごとに作り変えられた。

Kangofu was remade each time the Ming emperor changed.


足利義持あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職13941423

室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi shogunate第四代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the fourth Sei-i Taishōgun

足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuson


足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職14291441

室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi shogunate第六代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the sixth Sei-i Taishōgun

足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuson

第四代将軍the fourth shogun足利義持あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi同母弟maternal younger brother

石清水八幡宮(いわしみず・はちまんぐう)Iwashimizu Hachimangū(くじ)lotteryが引かれ、後継者the successorに定まった。

A lottery was drawn at Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and he was chosen as the successor.

永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo Rebellion

結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen

嘉吉の乱(かきつ・の・らん)Kakitsu Rebellion


勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging tradeは、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuのあと第四代将軍the fourth shogun足利義持あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職13941423)(足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuson)が朝貢(ちょうこう)形式tribute style反対oppositionして一時中断temporarily suspendedしたが、貿易の中止the suspension of trade幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate財政finances日本の経済Japanese economyにとって打撃a blowであったので、第六代将軍the sixth shōgun足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職14291441)(足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuson)の1432年(永享4年)に再開resumedされた。

After Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the 4th shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA (1394-1423) (son of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA) temporarily suspended the trade due to his opposition to the tribute style, but the suspension of trade was a blow to the finances of the bakufu and the Japanese economy, so it was resumed in 1432 by the 6th shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA (1429-1441) (son of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA).

 

1433年、再開後はじめての勘合船(かんごうせん)rigging shipが派遣されたが、この時から前年の宣徳条約(せんとく・じょうやく)the Sentoku Treatyに基づいて、貿易は10年に1回、船は3隻、乗組員は300人に限るとされた。

The following year, in 1433, the first Kangosen was dispatched after the resumption of business, but from that time on, based on the Sentoku Treaty of the previous year, trade was limited to once every 10 years, with three ships and 300 crew members.


日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming trade


明銭(みんせん)Ming dynasty coinage


貿易船trading ship中国China寧波(ニンポー)Ningbo勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu査証visaを受け、首都capital北京(ペキン)Beijing朝貢(ちょうこう)tribute交易tradedに当たった。

The trading ship received a kangofu visa in Ningbo, China, and traded with the tribute in Beijing, the capital.

主な輸出品export itemsは、copper硫黄(いおう)sulfurなどの鉱産物mineral products刀剣swordsspearsなどの武器weaponsfans漆器lacquerware屏風(びょうぶ)folding screensなどの工芸品handicraftsであり、輸入品Imports銅銭copper coins明銭(みんせん)Ming dynasty coinage)が主で、のちに生糸raw silk絹織物silk fabrics綿糸布cotton yarn clothが多くなった。

The main export items were mineral products such as copper and sulfur, weapons such as swords and spears, and handicrafts such as fans, lacquerware, and folding screens. Imports were mainly copper coins (Ming coins), and later raw silk, silk fabrics, and cotton yarn cloth increased.

またほかに薬材medicinal materials書画(しょが)paintings and calligraphyなども輸入importedされ、これらは唐物(からもの)karamonoと呼ばれて尊ばれ、山水水墨画(さんすい・すいぼくが)landscape ink painting茶の湯(ちゃのゆ)the tea ceremony発達development寄与contributingした。

In addition, medicinal materials and paintings and calligraphy were also imported, and these were called karamono and were highly valued, contributing to the development of landscape ink painting and the tea ceremony.


大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan


細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clan


日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming trade実権the real powerははじめ幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateが握り、五山(ござん)GozanFive Mountains)の禅僧Zen priests勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuなどの事務を取り扱ったhandled clerical workが、貿易の利益が巨大the profits from the trade were hugeであったので、足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriによる再開resumed後は、守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyō大寺社large temples and shrines幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateから勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuを入手して派遣者dispatched themとなる例が多くなった。

At first, the shogunate held the real power over Japan-Ming trade (nichimin), and Zen priests from the Gozan (Gozan) handled clerical work such as kangofu, but the profits from the trade were huge, so after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed trade, there were many cases in which shugo daimyo (feudal lords) and large temples and shrines obtained kangofu from the shogunate and dispatched them.

その場合、土倉(どそう)Doso,酒屋(さかや)Sakaya商人merchants資本を出してprovided capital実務を負担bear the practical burdenし、利益profits幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate派遣者dispatched workers商人merchants分配distributedするようになった。

In that case, Doso, Sakaya, and merchants provided capital to bear the practical burden, and profits were distributed among the shogunate, dispatched workers, and merchants.

そして、次第に博多商人merchants in Hakataと結んだ大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan堺商人merchants in Sakaiと結んだ細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanの手に、貿易の実権the real power of tradeが移るようになった。

Gradually, the real power of trade was transferred to the Ouchi clan, who tied up with merchants in Hakata, and the Hosokawa clan, who tied up with merchants in Sakai.


寧波の乱(ニンポー・の・らん)Ningbo Incident


しかし、大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clan政治上の対立the political confrontationはやがて貿易の上にも反映reflected in tradeされ、1523年(大永3年)、両者の派遣船ships dispatched by both clan寧波(ニンポー)Ningbo衝突collidedし(寧波の乱(ニンポー・の・らん)Ningbo Incident)、その結果、(みん)the Ming dynasty貿易を一時禁止temporarily banned tradeした。

However, the political confrontation between the Ouchi clan and the Hosokawa clan was eventually reflected in trade, and in 1523, ships dispatched by both clan collided in Ningbo (Ningbo Rebellion), and as a result, the Ming dynasty temporarily banned trade.


大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan


細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clan


1523年(大永3年)、大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynasty寧波(ニンポー)Ningbo到着arrived atしたあと、細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clan遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynasty無効invalidとなった勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuを持って入港entered the portしてきた。

In 1523 (Taei 3), after the Ouchi clan's kenminsen arrived at Ningbo, the Hosokawa clan's kenminsen entered the port with an invalid kangofu.

市舶司(しはくし)the ship chief賄賂(わいろ)bribedを贈った細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanが、交易品を先に陸揚げ(りくあげ)landed the trade goods firstしたことから大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan怒りangry細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanboat焼きburned引き揚げた。

The Hosokawa clan, who had bribed the ship chief, landed the trade goods first, which made the Ouchi clan angry and burned the Hosokawa clan's boat.

貿易を一時停止temporarily suspended tradeした(みん)the Ming dynastyは、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanから事情を聞きheard the situation了承し、以後、貿易trade大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan独占monopolizedとなった。

Ming, who temporarily suspended trade, heard the situation from the Ouchi clan of the shogunate and agreed, and after that, trade was monopolized by the Ouchi clan.


策彦周良(さくげん・しゅうりょう)Sakugen Shūryō15011579

臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school


その後の日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming trade大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan独占monopolizedするようになったが、1547年(天文16年)、策彦周良(さくげん・しゅうりょう)Sakugen Shūryō15011579)を正使the chief envoyとした遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynasty派遣dispatchingを最後に勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging trade途絶えdiscontinued1551年(天文20年)の大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan滅亡died outとともに完全に断絶completely discontinuedした。

After that, trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty came to be monopolized by the Ouchi clan, but in 1547, with Sakugen Shuryo (1501-1579) dispatching a ship to the Ming Dynasty as the chief envoy, the Kangou trade ceased, and in 1551, the Ouchi clan died out.  completely discontinued.


前期倭寇(ぜんき・わこう)Early wokou 後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokou


王直(おう・ちょく)Wang Zhi 徽王(き・おう)the King of Hui


貿易trade断絶cut offすると、再び倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の活動the activities活発activeとなり、豊臣秀吉(とよとみ・ひでよし)Toyotomi Hideyoshiによる禁圧suppressedまで続いた。

When the trade was cut off, the activities of Wako (Japanese pirates) became active again and continued until Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI suppressed them.

この時期の倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)を後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokouと言うが、その実態the fact日本人Japaneseよりも中国人の密貿易者Chinese smugglers参加participated in itが多く、なかでも(みん)the Ming dynasty王直(おう・ちょく)Wang Zhiは、徽王(き・おう)the King of Huiと号し五島列島(ごとう・れっとう)Gotō Islands長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)・平戸(ひらど)Hirado長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)を根拠に威勢を張った。

The Wako in this period is called the Late Wako, but the fact is that more Chinese smugglers than Japanese participated in it, and among them, the Ming Dynasty, who called himself Kiou, took advantage of Goto and Hirado as a base.

また背後に密貿易の利益the benefits of smugglingに眼をつけた西日本(にしにほん)western Japan大名(だいみょう)Daimyoがいることもあった。

There were also feudal lords in western Japan who saw the benefits of smuggling behind the scenes.

倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)は日本Japansilver中国China生糸raw silk交易tradedをするとともに、海賊piratesとして遠く南海(なんかい)South Sea東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)までの広い地域in a wide area活動actedした。

Wako traded silver from Japan and raw silk from China, and also acted as pirates in a wide area as far as the Nankai Sea.


桂庵玄樹(けいあん・げんじゅ)Keian Genju14271508

臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school

朱子学(しゅしがく)Cheng–Zhu school宋明理学(そうみんりがく)Neo-Confucianism


雪舟(せっしゅう)Sesshū14201506) 水墨画(すいぼくが)Ink wash painting


遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynasty派遣dispatchに伴って入明(みん)entered the Ming Dynastyするmonksも多く、なかでも、朱子学(しゅしがく)Cheng–Zhu school宋明理学(そうみんりがく)Neo-Confucianism)を学んで帰朝returned to Japanした桂庵玄樹(けいあん・げんじゅ)Keian Genju14271508)や、水墨画(すいぼくが)Ink wash paintingを学んだ雪舟(せっしゅう)Sesshū14201506)などが有名である。

Many monks entered the Ming Dynasty along with the dispatch of the Kenminsen, and among them, Keian Genju (1427-1508), who studied Neo-Confucianism and returned to Japan, and Sesshu (1420-1506), who studied ink painting, are famous.


日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea trade


日朝貿易Japan-Korea trade

李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaわが国Japanとの貿易tradeは、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu朝鮮の要求Korea's demandsを容れて倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の取り締まりcrack downに努め、倭寇(わこう)Wokouに捕らえられていた捕虜朝鮮人the Korean prisoners送還repatriatedしたことを契機に、14世紀末at the end of the 14th centuryから開始beganされた。

The trade between Yi Dynasty Korea and Japan began at the end of the 14th century when Yoshimitsu Ashikaga accepted Korea's demands and worked to crack down on the Japanese pirates and repatriated the Korean prisoners of war who had been captured by the Japanese pirates.

そして、対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)の守護(しゅご)Shugo宗氏(そうし)the So clan統制controlのもとで、一時中断temporarily interruptedしたものの、16世紀 the 16th centuryまで島津氏(しまづし)the Shimazu clan大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan西国(さいごく)Western Provinces大名(だいみょう)Daimyo中小領主small and medium lords豪商wealthy merchants参加participationして行われた。

Under the control of the Shugo Soshi clan, the governor of Tsushima, the event was temporarily interrupted until the 16th century with the participation of the Shimazu clan, the Ouchi clan, and other feudal lords of the West, as well as small and medium lords and wealthy merchants.


宗貞茂(そう・さだしげ)So Sadashige(?~1418


宗貞盛(そう・さだもり)Sō Sadamori


応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion


応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion


しかし倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates禁圧suppressingに力を入れた宗貞茂(そう・さだしげ)So Sadashige(?~1418)が死ぬdeathと、倭寇(わこう)Wokou活動the activities再び活発化revivedした。

However, after the death of So Sadashige (?-1418), who put a great deal of effort into suppressing the Japanese pirates, the activities of the Japanese pirates revived.

李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)を倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)の根拠地the baseと考えて、1419年(応永26年)、兵船227隻、兵員17000余人の大軍で来襲attackedしてきたが、宗貞盛(そう・さだもり)Sō Sadamoriはこれを迎撃interceptedした。

The Yi Dynasty Korea considered Tsushima to be the base of the Japanese pirates, and in 1419 (Ouei 26), attacked with 227 warships and a large army of over 17,000 soldiers, but So Sadamori intercepted it.

これを応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion朝鮮Koreaでは己亥東征(きがい・とうせい)Gihae Expedition対馬(つしま)Tsushimaでは糠獄戦争(ぬかだけ・せんそう)Nukadake War)と言う。

This was called the Oei no Gaikou (In Korea, it was called the Kigaitosei, and in Tsushima, it was called the Nukadake War).

しかし貿易tradeは再び続けられた。

But trade continued again.


通信符(つうしんふ)communication note


三浦(さんぽ)sampoThree Ports


日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea tradeには、私貿易private trade倭寇(わこう)WokouJapanese pirates)と区別distinguishするため李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea発給issuedした「通信符(つうしんふ)communication note」と、対馬(つしま)Tsushima長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)の宗氏(そうし)the So clan許可書a permit必要requiredとした。

Japan-Korea trade required a ``communication note'' issued by the Joseon Dynasty and a permit from the Soshi clan of Tsushima in order to distinguish it from private trade and Japanese pirates.

日本Japan無制限・無秩序渡航uncontrolled and disorderly travel統制controlするため開港場the portsを、富山浦(ふざんぽ)Busan-po釜山(ふさん)Busan)・乃而浦(ないじほ)Naei-po萕浦(せいほ)Changwon)・塩浦(えんぽ)Yeom-po蔚山(うるさん)Ulsan)の三港Three Ports三浦(さんぽ)sampo)に限定limitedし、漢城(かんじょう)Hanseong三浦(さんぽ)sampoThree Ports)には倭館(わかん)WaegwanJapanese pavilions)が置かれて、日本の使節Japanese envoys接待entertained交易tradedが行われた。

In order to control Japan's uncontrolled and disorderly travel, the ports were limited to the three ports (Sanpo) of Fusanpo (Busan), Nojiho (Seho), and Enpo (Ulsan).

Wakan (Japanese pavilions) were established in Hanseong and Sanpo, where Japanese envoys were entertained and traded.


倭館(わかん)WaegwanJapanese pavilions


日本Japanからの輸出品Exportsは、copper硫黄(いおう)sulfurなどの鉱産物mineral products工芸品handicrafts、それに琉球貿易(りゅうきゅう・ぼうえき)Ryukyu tradeで入手した南海southern sea東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countriesproducts蘇木(そぼく)sappanwood染料dye)や胡椒(こしょう)pepperなどであった。

Exports from Japan included mineral products such as copper and sulfur, handicrafts, and soboku (dye) and pepper from the Nankai region obtained through the Ryukyu trade.

輸入品Imported goodsは、木綿(もめん)cotton大蔵経(だいぞうきょう)Daizōkyōなどであったが、特に木綿(もめん)cottonは、当時まだ日本Japan生産producedされておらず、国内需要domestic demandが多く大量に輸入imported in large quantitiesされた。

Imported goods included cotton and the Daizokyo, but cotton in particular was not yet being produced in Japan at the time, so there was a lot of domestic demand and it was imported in large quantities.


三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance of the Three Ports


三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance of the Three Ports


交易tradeの行われた三浦(さんぽ)sampo三港Three Ports)には多くの日本人Japanese people居留residedしていたが、また密貿易smuggling温床hotbedにもなっていた。

Many Japanese people also resided in Miura, where trade took place, and it was also a hotbed for smuggling.

そのため、李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea取り締まりを強化strengthened the crackdownしたので居留民residents不満dissatisfactionが高まり、1510年(永正7年)、三浦(さんぽ)sampo三港Three Ports)の居留民residents宗氏(そうし)the So clanらの応援supportを得て乃而浦(ないじほ)Naei-po萕浦(せいほ)Changwon)・富山浦(ふざんぽ)Busan-po釜山(ふさん)Busan)を襲いattacked、いわゆる三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance of the Three Portsが起こった。

As a result, the dissatisfaction of the residents increased as Korea strengthened the crackdown,

In 1510, with the support of the Soshi clan, the residents of Sanpo attacked Nojiho (Seho) and Fusanpo (Busan), leading to the so-called Sampo Rebellion.

その後、李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea宗氏(そうし)the So clanの間に和議a peace treatyが結ばれたが、このrebellionを契機に日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea trade衰えたdeclined

After that, a peace treaty was concluded between Korea and the Soshi clan, but trade between Japan and North Korea declined as a result of this rebellion.


沖縄本島(おきなわ・ほんとう)Okinawa Main Island


琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu Kingdom


琉球王国Ryukyu Kingdom

沖縄本島(おきなわ・ほんとう)Okinawa Main Islandでは、14世紀中頃the middle of the 14th centuryから有力な按司(あじ)Aji領主lords)が島内に北山(ほくざん)Hokuzan中山(ちゅうざん)Chūzan南山(なんざん)Nanzanと呼ばれた三つの勢力圏three spheres of influence形成formedし、互いに争っていた。

From the middle of the 14th century on the main island of Okinawa, influential aji (lords) formed three spheres of influence on the island called Hokuzan, Chuzan, and Nanzan, and fought with each other.

1429年(永享1年)、中山王(ちゅうざん・おう)the King of Chūzan尚巴志(しょう・はし)Shō Hashi島内を統一unified the islandsし、周辺諸島the surrounding islandsを支配下におさめて琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu Kingdom作り上げたcreate

In 1429 (Eikyo 1), Shohashi, the king of Chuzan, unified the islands and put the surrounding islands under his control to create the Ryukyu Kingdom.


琉球貿易(りゅうきゅう・ぼうえき)Ryukyu trade


琉球(りゅうきゅう)Ryukyu海外貿易overseas tradeを盛んに行い、日本Japan(みん)the Ming dynasty朝鮮KoreaのほかジャワJavaフィリピンthe Philippinesなど遠く南海(なんかい)the South Sea東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)まで進出し、これらの諸地域間の中継貿易transit tradeを行った。

The Ryukyus actively engaged in overseas trade, expanding to Japan, Ming, Korea, Java, the Philippines, and other countries as far away as the South Sea, and carried out transit trade between these regions.

その結果、那覇(なは)Naha東アジアEast Asia重要な交易市場an important trading marketとなった。

As a result, Naha became an important trading market in East Asia.

日本Japanへは1414年(応永21年)頃から使船Envoy ships来航arrivedし、それ以後、博多港Hakata Portには(みん)the Ming dynasty朝鮮の商船Korean merchant shipsとともに琉球船Ryukyu shipsの来航が著しかった。

Envoy ships arrived in Japan around 1414 (Oei 21), and after that, Ryukyu ships, along with Ming and Korean merchant ships, came to Hakata Port.

しかし、16世紀 the 16th centuryになると中国や日本の商船Chinese and Japanese merchant shipsが直接南海(なんかい)the South Seas東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)に進出するようになり、またポルトガル船Portuguese ships東アジア進出advanced into East Asiaもあって、中継貿易transit tradeは衰えた。

However, in the 16th century, Chinese and Japanese merchant ships began to advance directly into the South Seas, and Portuguese ships also advanced into East Asia, causing transit trade to decline.


おもろそうしOmoro Sōshi


琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu Kingdomに属した南西諸島(なんせいしょとう)the Nansei Islandsの島々では、日本語の地域語the regional languages of Japaneseの一つと言われる琉球語(りゅうきゅうご)the Ryukyuan languageが話され、独自の文学unique literatureもおこった。

On the islands of the Nansei Islands, which belonged to the Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ryukyuan language, which is said to be one of the regional languages of Japanese, was spoken, and a unique literature arose.

琉球(りゅうきゅう)Ryukyu伝説legends自然nature英雄heroes戦争war航海voyagesなどをうたった神歌(かみうた)divine songsを集めた『おもろそうしOmoro Sōshi』は、その代表作品representative workと言われる。

"Omorososhi", a collection of divine songs sung about Ryukyu legends, nature, heroes, war, and voyages, is said to be his representative work.










































































インデペンデンス・デイ Independence Day 第 10 章 独立記念日 Chapter 10   Independence Day   インデペンデンス・デイ ( 独立 ( どくりつ ) 記念 ( きねん ) 日 ( び ) ) Independe...