日本史18 Japanese history 18
東アジアの情勢と日明貿易
Situation in East Asia
and
Japan-Ming trade
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)
明(みん)the Ming dynasty
明(みん)the Ming dynasty
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boat
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boat
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boatは、日本海軍Imperial Japanese Navyの飛行艇(ひこうてい)Flying boat。
The Type 2 flying boat is
a flying boat of the Japanese Navy.
レシプロ・エンジンReciprocating
engine装備Equipmentの飛行艇(ひこうてい)Flying boatとしては、当時at that time世界最高の性能the highest
performance in the worldを誇る傑作機The most outstanding aircraftとされる。
As a flying boat equipped
with a reciprocating engine, it is said to be a masterpiece with the highest
performance in the world at the time.
二式大型飛行艇(にしき・おおがた・ひこうてい)Type 2
Large-sized Flying Boatとも呼ばれ、二式大艇(にしき・だいてい)Type 2 Large Boatの通称common nameも持つ。
It is also called Type 2
large flying boat, and also has the common name of Type 2 large boat.
九七式飛行艇(きゅうななしき・ひこうてい) Type 97
Flying Boat
九七式飛行艇(きゅうななしき・ひこうてい)Type 97
Flying Boatの後継機Successorとして、同じく川西航空機Kawanishi Aircraft Companyで生産productionされた。
It was also produced by
Kawanishi Aircraft as a successor to the Type 97 flying boat.
連合軍Allied forcesにおけるコードネームCode nameはエミリーEmily。
Her code name in the
Allied Forces is Emily.
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boat
制式採用Formal
adoption直後の1942年(昭和17年)3月4日には、大航続力great cruising powerを生かして2機で真珠湾Pearl Harborを再空襲Re-air raidした(K作戦Operation K)。
Immediately after its
adoption, on March 4, 1942, two aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor again (Operation
K), taking advantage of their great cruising power.
だが3月7日のミッドウェー島Midway Atoll長距離偵察Long range
reconnaissanceで、米軍US Armed Forces戦闘機Fighter aircraftの迎撃Interceptionで撃墜Shoot downされ、二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boat最初の戦闘喪失機Battle lost aircraftとなった。
However, on March 7, during
a long-range reconnaissance mission on Midway Island, she was intercepted and
shot down by a U.S. military fighter, becoming the first Type 2 large boat to
be lost in combat.
その後も高速high speedと航続力Cruising powerを生かしてエスピリッツサント島Espiritu Santo IslandやオーストラリアAustralia本土main land、セイロン島Ceylon
Island、カルカッタCalcuttaといった長距離long-distanceの偵察reconnaissance・爆撃bombingに活躍した。
After that, it continued
to take advantage of its high speed and range, and was used for long-distance
reconnaissance and bombing missions such as Espiritu Santo Island, mainland
Australia, Ceylon Island, and Calcutta.
秋津洲(あきつしま) Akitsushima 水上機母艦
Seaplane tender
ソロモン諸島the Solomon
Islands方面に投入された二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying Boatは、水上機母艦Seaplane tender「秋津洲(あきつしま)」の支援supportを受けて活動している。
The Type 2 large boat
deployed to the Solomon Islands is operating with support from the seaplane
tender Akitsushima.
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boat
1943年(昭和18年)11月には、アメリカ軍US
Armed ForcesのロッキードP-38 ライトニングLockheed P-38 Lightningと40分交戦a 40-minute
engagementした。
In November 1943, it
engaged in a 40-minute engagement with the American Lockheed P-38 Lightning.
さらに1944年(昭和19年)以降は日本軍Imperial Japanese Forces多発機Multi-engine aircraftの中にあって、防御defensesが弱かった一式陸上攻撃機(いっしき・りくじょう・こうげきき)Type 1 Land-based Attack Aircraftなどに比べると遥かに連合軍Allied
forcesにとって危険な相手Dangerous opponentだった。
Furthermore, since 1944,
it was part of the Japanese military's multi-purpose aircraft, and was a far
more dangerous opponent for the Allied forces than the Type 1 land attack
aircraft, which had weaker defenses.
B-25ミッチェルNorth American B-25 MitchellやB-17フライング・フォートレスBoeing B-17 Flying Fortressといったアメリカ軍US Armed Forcesの大型陸上機Large Land-based Aircraftを積極的に追撃pursuitして撃墜Shoot downした記録もある。
There is also a record of
actively pursuing and shooting down large American ground planes such as the
B-25 Mitchell and B-17 Flying Fortress.
二式飛行艇(にしき・ひこうてい)Type 2 Flying
Boat
また1945年(昭和20年)3月の第二次丹作戦(たん・さくせん)Operation Tan No. 2 (銀河(ぎんが)Land-based Bomber Gingaによる長距離long-distance特攻作戦special
attack operation)に代表される長距離long-distanceの索敵enemy search・誘導任務Guidance mission、トラックTruk IslandやラバウルRabaulといった孤立した基地Isolated baseへの強行輸送Forced transportation・搭乗員救出rescuing crew membersなどを行ったこともあって、成果を挙げるachieving resultsと同時に損害causing lossesも出している。
In addition,
long-distance enemy search and guidance missions such as the Second Operation
Tan (a long-distance special attack operation by Ginga) in March 1945, and
forced raids on isolated bases such as Truk and Rabaul were conducted. Their
work involved transporting and rescuing crew members, and while they were
achieving results, they were also causing losses.
明(みん)the Ming dynasty
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
第6章 Chapter 6
大名領国制の形成
Formation of the Feudal
lord system
第2節 Section 2
東アジアの情勢と日明貿易
Situation in East Asia
and
Japan-Ming trade
モンゴル帝国(蒙古帝国(もうこ・ていこく))the Mongol Empire
東アジアの情勢Situation in
East Asia
元寇(げんこう)Mongol invasions of Japan以後、日本Japanと元(げん)the Yuan
Dynastyとの間には正式の国交formal diplomatic relationsは開かれなかったが、九州(きゅうしゅう)Kyushu(Nine Provinces)や瀬戸内海沿岸the coast of the Seto Inland Seaの住民the
residentsたちは、中国大陸mainland Chinaや朝鮮半島the Korean peninsulaに出かけて、盛んに私貿易private tradeを行っていた。
After the Genko invasion,
formal diplomatic relations were not established between Japan and Yuan
Dynasty, but the residents of Kyushu and the coast of the Seto Inland Sea went
to mainland China and the Korean peninsula and actively engaged in private
trade.
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takauji(1305年~1358年)(53歳)
後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor
Go-Daigo
夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Soseki(1275~1351)
臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school
足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga
Takaujiは、後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor Go-Daigoの冥福を祈るpray for the repose of the soulため、夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Soseki(1275~1351)を迎えてinvited京都(きょうと)Kyotoの嵯峨(さが)Sagaに天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-jiを建てたbuiltが、その費用を得るobtain the costため、1342年(康永1年)、天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-buneを元(げん)the Yuan Dynastyに派遣dispatchedした。
Ashikaga Takauji invited
Soseki Muso (1275-1351) to pray for the repose of the soul of Emperor Godaigo
and built Tenryu-ji Temple in Saga, Kyoto.
In 1342 (Koei 1), the
Tenryu-ji ship was dispatched to Gen to obtain the cost.
天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji 臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school
京都市(きょうとし)Kyoto City右京区(うきょうく)Ukyō-ku嵯峨(さが)Saga
天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-ji 石庭(せきてい)rock garden
天龍寺(てんりゅうじ)Tenryū-jiの宗旨(しゅうし)founded onは臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school、のち京都五山(きょうと・ござん)Kyoto Gozan(Five Mountains)。
Tenryu-ji Temple was
founded on the Rinzai sect of Buddhism, later known as the Gozan of Kyoto.
その石庭(せきてい)rock gardenは西芳寺(さいほうじ)Saihō-ji(苔寺(こけでら)Koke-dera)の石庭(せきてい)rock gardenとともに、夢窓疎石(むそう・そせき)Musō Sosekiの作workとして名高い。
The rock garden is famous
as the work of Soseki Muso, along with the rock garden of Saihoji (Kokedera).
しかし1339年(延元4年)に足利尊氏(あしかが・たかうじ)Ashikaga Takaujiが創建founded the templeした当初、打ち続く戦乱ongoing warfareのため、伽藍(がらん)garanの整備constructionはなかなか進まなかった。
However, when Takauji
Ashikaga founded the temple in 1339, due to ongoing warfare, the construction
of the garan did not progress.
天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-bune
天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-buneはこの工事費を得るobtain the construction costsため、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateが博多(はかた)Hakataの貿易商人a trader至本(しほん)Shihonに渡元(とげん)travel to the Yuan Dynastyの公許permissionを与え、さらに海賊piratesなどからの保護protectionを約束し、船の帰国後after the ship returned to Japanに5000貫文5,000 kanmonを船主ship ownerから献上presentさせたものである。
In order to obtain the
construction costs for the Tenryu-jibune, the shogunate gave a trader in
Hakata, Shihon, permission to travel to the port, promised protection from
pirates, etc., and had the ship owner present 5,000 kanmon after the ship
returned to Japan.
日明勘合貿易船(にちみん・かんごう・ぼうえき・せん)Japan-Ming rigging
trading ships
この天龍寺船(てんりゅうじ・ぶね)Tenryūji-bune派遣dispatchの形式formは、のちの日明勘合貿易船(にちみん・かんごう・ぼうえき・せん)Japan-Ming rigging trading shipsの運営形態managementに影響impactを与えた。
This form of Tenryu-jibune
dispatch had an impact on the management of the Nichi-Ming Kango trading ships
later.
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
鎌倉時代の末the end of
the Kamakura periodから室町時代Muromachi periodにかけ、わが国の私貿易船private trading shipsのなかには海賊化became piratesし、朝鮮半島the Korean Peninsulaや中国大陸mainland China沿岸the coastsを荒らしまわるdevastatedものがあった。
From the end of the
Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, some of Japan's private trading ships
became pirates and devastated the coasts of the Korean Peninsula and mainland
China.
これを、当時の中国Chinaや朝鮮Koreaでは倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)と呼んだ。
This was called Wako in
China and Korea at the time.
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)は船団を組んで行動acted in fleetsし、日本人Japaneseだけでなく中国人Chineseやその他の国の人々people from other countriesも含まれていた。
The Japanese pirates
acted in fleets, including not only Japanese but also Chinese and people from
other countries.
主な根拠地main basesは、肥前(ひぜん)Hizen Province(佐賀県(さがけん)Saga Prefecture、長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)松浦(まつら)Matsura・対馬(つしま)Tsushima・壱岐(いき)Iki・五島列島the Goto Islands・瀬戸内の島々the islands of the Seto Inland Seaなどであった。
The main bases were Hizen
Matsura, Tsushima, Iki, the Goto Islands, and the islands of the Seto Inland
Sea.
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の活動が特に目立ったのは、13世紀後半the latter
half of the 13th centuryから15世紀初めthe beginning of the 15th centuryにかけての時期であった。
The period from the
latter half of the 13th century to the beginning of the 15th century was particularly
conspicuous for the activities of the Japanese pirates.
戦国期the Sengoku
periodに再び活発化する後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokouに対して前期倭寇(ぜんき・わこう)Early wokouとも言うが、このとき倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の被害damageがとりわけ大きかったのは高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoで、米rice・豆beansのほか奴隷労働力slave labor forceとしての必要から人間が略奪people were plunderedされ、その被害の大きさThe scale of the damageが高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoの衰亡の一因one of the reasons for the declineとなった。
In contrast to the Late Wako,
which became active again during the Sengoku period, it is also called the
Early Wako, but the damage caused by the Wako was particularly heavy in Goryeo
at this time, and people were plundered because they needed rice and beans as a
slave labor force.
The scale of the damage
was one of the reasons for the decline of Goryeo.
今川貞世(いまがわ・さだよ)Imagawa
Sadayo(今川了俊(いまがわ・りょうしゅん)Imagawa Ryōshun)(1326~1420)
そのため高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoは倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の禁圧suppressをしばしばわが国に要請し、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateや九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandai(鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai)の今川貞世(いまがわ・さだよ)Imagawa Sadayo(今川了俊(いまがわ・りょうしゅん)Imagawa Ryōshun)(1326~1420)もこれに応じたが効果はなかった。
For this reason, Goryeo
often requested Japan to suppress the Japanese pirates, and the shogunate and
Kyushu Tandai (Chinzei Tandai) Imagawa Ryoshun (1326-1420) responded to this
request, but to no avail.
李成桂(り・せいけい)(イ・ソンゲ)Yi Seong-gye(1335年~1408年)
朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon(李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
やがて高麗(こうらい)(コリョ)Goryeoは滅びfell、朝鮮Koreaでは倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)討伐suppressionに戦功のあった李成桂(り・せいけい)(イ・ソンゲ)Yi Seong-gye(1335年~1408年)が、1392年(明徳3年)、朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon(李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)を建国foundedした。
Goryeo eventually fell,
and in Korea, Lee Sung-gye (1335-1408), who had distinguished himself in the
suppression of the Japanese pirates, founded Korea in 1392 (Myeongdeok 3).
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第三代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the third Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義詮(あしかが・よしあきら)Ashikaga
Yoshiakiraの長男the First son
朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon(李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)は足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)に対して日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea tradeと倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の禁止banを求め、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuもこれに応じて倭寇(わこう)Wokouの禁止策a policy to banをたてたり、倭寇(わこう)Wokouに捕らえられていた朝鮮人Koreansを送還repatriatedしたりしたが、朝鮮(ちょうせん)Joseon(李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Korea)の倭寇(わこう)Wokouに対する悩みworriesはその後も止まらなかった。
Joseon (Ye Dynasty Korea)
asked Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (1368-1394) to ban Japan-North Korea trade and wako
(Japanese pirates), and Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA responded by devising a policy to
ban wako (Japanese pirates) and repatriated Koreans who had been captured by
Japanese pirates, but Korea (Yi Dynasty Korea)'s worries about wako continued.
was
明(みん)the Ming dynasty
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)
朱元璋(しゅ・げんしょう)Zhu Yuanzhang(太祖(たいそ)Taizu洪武帝(こうぶ・てい))Hongwu
Emperor(在位1368~1398)
中国Chinaも倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の被害damagedを受けた。
China was also damaged by
the Japanese pirates.
当時、倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)は山東(さんとう)Shandong沿岸the coastを中心に、南southは福建(ふっけん)Fujian沿岸the coastにまで略奪plunderingを行っていた。
At that time, the
Japanese pirates were plundering mainly along the coast of Shandong and as far
south as the coast of Fujian.
折から中国Chinaでは、1368年、朱元璋(しゅ・げんしょう)Zhu Yuanzhang(太祖(たいそ)Taizu洪武帝(こうぶ・てい))Hongwu
Emperor(在位1368~1398)が元(げん)the Yuan dynastyを北方northwardに追ってfollowed漢民族Han peopleの王朝dynastyである明(みん)the Ming dynastyを建国establishedした。
Around that time, in
1368, Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Taisho Hongwu) (reigned 1368-1398) followed the
Yuan Dynasty northward and established the Ming dynasty of the Han people.
征西将軍宮(せいせい・しょうぐん・の・みや)Seisei Shogun
no Miya懐良親王(かねよし・しんのう)Prince
Kaneyoshi
しかし、明(みん)the Ming dynastyとわが国の間には、私的な貿易船の往来private trade ships coming and goingはあったが正式の国交official
diplomatic relationshipはなく、倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の活動activitiesに悩まされたannoyed洪武帝(こうぶ・てい)Hongwu Emperorは、はじめ九州(きゅうしゅう)Kyushu(Nine Provinces)にあった南朝(なんちょう)Southern Courtの征西将軍宮(せいせい・しょうぐん・の・みや)Seisei Shogun no Miya懐良親王(かねよし・しんのう)Prince Kaneyoshi(後醍醐天皇(ごだいご・てんのう)Emperor Go-Daigoの子son)に対して、明(みん)the Ming dynastyへの朝貢(ちょうこう)Tributeと倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の禁圧suppressを求めてaskedきたが成功しなかった。
However, there was no
official diplomatic relationship between the Ming and Japan, although there were
private trade ships coming and going, and Emperor Kobu, who was annoyed by the
activities of the Japanese pirates, first asked the Seisei Shogun Imperial
Prince Kaneyoshi (son of Emperor Godaigo), who was in Kyushu, to pay tribute to
the Ming and suppress the Japanese pirates, but to no avail.
そこで、明(みん)the Ming dynastyは独自に倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)を鎮圧suppressedしたり、日本との私貿易private trade with Japanを禁じたprohibitedりしたが、あまり効果はあがらなかった。
Therefore, the Ming
dynasty independently suppressed the Wako and prohibited private trade with
Japan, but it was not very effective.
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)
The Japan-Ming trade
日明間between Japan
and Mingには、はじめ正式な国交formal diplomatic relationsはなかったが、全国を統一unified the countryした足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsu(在職1368~1394)(3代将軍)は、明(みん)the Ming
dynastyの倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の取り締まりcrack
downと正式な通交formal diplomatic relationsの求めに応じる政策measuresをとった。
At first, there was no
formal diplomatic relations between Japan and Ming, but Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA
(1368-1394), who unified the country (the third shogun), took measures to crack
down on the Ming's wako (Japanese pirates) and respond to requests for formal
diplomatic relations.
利益の多い対明貿易The profitable
trade with Mingは、商人merchantsや守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōからも望まれるところであった。
The profitable trade with
Ming was also desired by merchants and Shugo Daimyo.
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuは、1401年(応永8年)、九州探題(きゅうしゅう・たんだい)Kyushu Tandai(鎮西探題(ちんぜい・たんだい)Chinzei Tandai)に倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)を取り締まらせるcrack downとともに、僧monk祖阿(そあ)Soaと博多の商人Hakata
merchant肥富(こいづみ)Koizumiを明(みん)the Ming
dynastyに派遣dispatchedし、国交diplomatic relationsを求めた。
In 1401, Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu ordered the Kyushu Tandai (Chinzei Tandai) to crack down on the
Japanese pirates, and dispatched the monk Soa and Hakata merchant Koizumi to
Ming to seek diplomatic relations.
翌1402年(応永9年)、明(みん)the Ming dynastyの皇帝emperorは、「日本国王源道義(にほん・こくおう・げん・どうぎ)Gen Dogi, the king of Japan」(源(みなもと)Minamotoは足利(あしかが)Ashikagaの本姓real surname、道義(どうぎ)Dogiは足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの法号legal name)宛ての返書a letterと明(みん)the Ming dynastyの大統暦(だいとうれき)the Ming Dynasty calendarを与えた。
In the following year,
1402, the Ming emperor sent a letter addressed to ``Minamoto Dogi, the king of
Japan'' (Minamoto was Ashikaga's real surname and Dogi was Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu's legal name) and gave the Ming Dynasty calendar.
当時中国の王朝the Chinese dynastyから暦a calendarを与えられることは、中国に服属subordination to Chinaすることを意味していた。
At that time, being given
a calendar by the Chinese dynasty meant subordination to China.
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming
trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The
Japan-Ming trade
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)The Japan-Ming
trade
これに応じて足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuも1403年(応永10年)、「日本国王臣源(にほん・こくおう・しん・げん)Japan's king Shingen」と臣下の礼the courtesy of a vassalをとった署名の上表文a signed letterを明(みん)the Ming dynastyの皇帝emperorに送り、日本国王(にほん・こくおう)から明(みん)the Ming
dynastyの皇帝emperorへの朝貢(ちょうこう)tributesと皇帝emperorからそれへの下賜品(かしひん)giftsという朝貢貿易(ちょうこう・ぼうえき)tribute tradeの形formをとって、日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming tradeは1404年(応永11年)に開始beganされた。
In response to this, Yoshimitsu
ASHIKAGA also sent a signed letter to the Ming emperor in 1403 (Oei 10), saying
'Japan's king Shingen' with the courtesy of a vassal. was done.
The Japan-Ming trade
began in 1404 (Ouei 11) in the form of a tribute trade consisting of tributes
from the Japanese king to the Ming emperor and gifts from the emperor to it.
貿易tradeは朝貢(ちょうこう)形式in the form of tributeのため関税customs dutyはなく、滞在費やそのほかの経費the cost of staying and other expensesまで明(みん)the Ming
dynastyが負担coveredしたので、それだけ利益も大きかったthe profit was large。
Since the trade was in
the form of tribute, there was no customs duty, and Ming covered the cost of
staying and other expenses, so the profit was large.
勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu 勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging trade
このとき遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynastyは、倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)や私貿易船private
trading shipsと区別するため、明(みん)the Ming dynastyから交付issuedされる勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuと呼ばれる証符a certificateを持参carryすることが義務obligatedとなった。
At this time, Kenminsen
became obligated to carry a certificate called kangofu issued by Ming in order
to distinguish it from Japanese pirates and private trading ships.
いわゆる勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging tradeの方式a methodである。
It is a method of
so-called rigging trade (rigging trade).
勘合(かんごう)Kangoは、「日本(にっぽん)Nippon」の二字two charactersを「日(にち)Nichi」字勘合(じかんごう)と「本(ほん)Hon」字勘合(じかんごう)に分け、それぞれ中央から折半して、一方を勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofu、他方を勘合底簿(かんごうていぼ)Kango teiboと呼び、両国でそれぞれ一方を保管した。
Kango divides the two
characters of ``Nippon'' into ``Nichi'' and ``Hon,'' and divides them in half
from the center.
One was called kangofu and
the other was called kangojikobo, and each country kept one.
そして、明(みん)the Ming dynastyからの船Shipsは日字勘合符(にちじ・かんごうふ)Nichiji Kangofuを、日本Japanからの船Shipsは本字勘合符(ほんじ・かんごうふ)Honji Kangofuを持参し、それぞれの底簿(ていぼ)Teiboと照合checkedした。
Ships from Ming brought
Nichiji Kangofu, and ships from Japan brought Honji Kangofu, and checked them
against the respective records.
なお、勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuは明(みん)the Ming dynastyの皇帝emperorが代わるごとに作り変えられた。
Kangofu was remade each
time the Ming emperor changed.
足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職1394~1423)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第四代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the fourth Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuの子son
足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職1429~1441)
室町幕府(むろまち・ばくふ)Muromachi
shogunate第六代征夷大将軍(せいい・たいしょうぐん)the sixth Sei-i Taishōgun
足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga
Yoshimitsuの子son
第四代将軍the fourth
shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochiの同母弟maternal
younger brother
石清水八幡宮(いわしみず・はちまんぐう)Iwashimizu
Hachimangūで籤(くじ)lotteryが引かれ、後継者the successorに定まった。
A lottery was drawn at
Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and he was chosen as the successor.
永享の乱(えいきょう・の・らん)Eikyo
Rebellion
結城合戦(ゆうき・かっせん)Yūki Kassen
嘉吉の乱(かきつ・の・らん)Kakitsu
Rebellion
勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging tradeは、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuのあと第四代将軍the fourth shogun・足利義持(あしかが・よしもち)Ashikaga Yoshimochi(在職1394~1423)(足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの子son)が朝貢(ちょうこう)形式tribute styleに反対oppositionして一時中断temporarily suspendedしたが、貿易の中止the suspension of tradeは幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateの財政financesや日本の経済Japanese economyにとって打撃a blowであったので、第六代将軍the sixth shōgun・足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinori(在職1429~1441)(足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuの子son)の1432年(永享4年)に再開resumedされた。
After Yoshimitsu
ASHIKAGA, the 4th shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA (1394-1423) (son of Yoshimitsu
ASHIKAGA) temporarily suspended the trade due to his opposition to the tribute
style, but the suspension of trade was a blow to the finances of the bakufu and
the Japanese economy, so it was resumed in 1432 by the 6th shogun Yoshinori
ASHIKAGA (1429-1441) (son of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA).
翌1433年、再開後はじめての勘合船(かんごうせん)rigging shipが派遣されたが、この時から前年の宣徳条約(せんとく・じょうやく)the Sentoku Treatyに基づいて、貿易は10年に1回、船は3隻、乗組員は300人に限るとされた。
The following year, in
1433, the first Kangosen was dispatched after the resumption of business, but
from that time on, based on the Sentoku Treaty of the previous year, trade was
limited to once every 10 years, with three ships and 300 crew members.
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming
trade
明銭(みんせん)Ming dynasty coinage
貿易船trading shipは中国Chinaの寧波(ニンポー)Ningboで勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuの査証visaを受け、首都capital北京(ペキン)Beijingで朝貢(ちょうこう)tributeと交易tradedに当たった。
The trading ship received
a kangofu visa in Ningbo, China, and traded with the tribute in Beijing, the
capital.
主な輸出品export itemsは、銅copper・硫黄(いおう)sulfurなどの鉱産物mineral products、刀剣swordsや槍spearsなどの武器weapons、扇fans・漆器lacquerware・屏風(びょうぶ)folding screensなどの工芸品handicraftsであり、輸入品Importsは銅銭copper coins(明銭(みんせん)Ming dynasty coinage)が主で、のちに生糸raw silkや絹織物silk fabrics・綿糸布cotton yarn clothが多くなった。
The main export items
were mineral products such as copper and sulfur, weapons such as swords and
spears, and handicrafts such as fans, lacquerware, and folding screens. Imports
were mainly copper coins (Ming coins), and later raw silk, silk fabrics, and
cotton yarn cloth increased.
またほかに薬材medicinal materialsや書画(しょが)paintings and calligraphyなども輸入importedされ、これらは唐物(からもの)karamonoと呼ばれて尊ばれ、山水水墨画(さんすい・すいぼくが)landscape ink paintingや茶の湯(ちゃのゆ)the tea ceremonyの発達developmentに寄与contributingした。
In addition, medicinal
materials and paintings and calligraphy were also imported, and these were
called karamono and were highly valued, contributing to the development of
landscape ink painting and the tea ceremony.
大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi
clan
細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa
clan
日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming
tradeの実権the real powerははじめ幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateが握り、五山(ござん)Gozan(Five Mountains)の禅僧Zen
priestsが勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuなどの事務を取り扱ったhandled clerical workが、貿易の利益が巨大the profits from the trade were hugeであったので、足利義教(あしかが・よしのり)Ashikaga Yoshinoriによる再開resumed後は、守護大名(しゅご・だいみょう)Shugo-daimyōや大寺社large temples and shrinesが幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateから勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuを入手して派遣者dispatched themとなる例が多くなった。
At first, the shogunate
held the real power over Japan-Ming trade (nichimin), and Zen priests from the
Gozan (Gozan) handled clerical work such as kangofu, but the profits from the
trade were huge, so after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed trade, there were many
cases in which shugo daimyo (feudal lords) and large temples and shrines
obtained kangofu from the shogunate and dispatched them.
その場合、土倉(どそう)Doso,・酒屋(さかや)Sakaya・商人merchantsが資本を出してprovided capital実務を負担bear the practical burdenし、利益profitsを幕府(ばくふ)Shogunateや派遣者dispatched workersや商人merchantsが分配distributedするようになった。
In that case, Doso,
Sakaya, and merchants provided capital to bear the practical burden, and
profits were distributed among the shogunate, dispatched workers, and
merchants.
そして、次第に博多商人merchants in Hakataと結んだ大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanや堺商人merchants in Sakaiと結んだ細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanの手に、貿易の実権the real power of tradeが移るようになった。
Gradually, the real power
of trade was transferred to the Ouchi clan, who tied up with merchants in
Hakata, and the Hosokawa clan, who tied up with merchants in Sakai.
寧波の乱(ニンポー・の・らん)Ningbo
Incident
しかし、大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan・細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanの政治上の対立the political confrontationはやがて貿易の上にも反映reflected in tradeされ、1523年(大永3年)、両者の派遣船ships dispatched by both clanが寧波(ニンポー)Ningboで衝突collidedし(寧波の乱(ニンポー・の・らん)Ningbo Incident)、その結果、明(みん)the Ming dynastyは貿易を一時禁止temporarily banned tradeした。
However, the political
confrontation between the Ouchi clan and the Hosokawa clan was eventually
reflected in trade, and in 1523, ships dispatched by both clan collided in
Ningbo (Ningbo Rebellion), and as a result, the Ming dynasty temporarily banned
trade.
大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi
clan
細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa
clan
1523年(大永3年)、大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanの遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynastyが寧波(ニンポー)Ningboに到着arrived atしたあと、細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanの遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynastyが無効invalidとなった勘合符(かんごうふ)Kangofuを持って入港entered the portしてきた。
In 1523 (Taei 3), after
the Ouchi clan's kenminsen arrived at Ningbo, the Hosokawa clan's kenminsen
entered the port with an invalid kangofu.
市舶司(しはくし)the ship chiefに賄賂(わいろ)bribedを贈った細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanが、交易品を先に陸揚げ(りくあげ)landed the trade goods firstしたことから大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanが怒りangry、細川氏(ほそかわし)the Hosokawa clanの船boatを焼きburned引き揚げた。
The Hosokawa clan, who
had bribed the ship chief, landed the trade goods first, which made the Ouchi
clan angry and burned the Hosokawa clan's boat.
貿易を一時停止temporarily
suspended tradeした明(みん)the Ming dynastyは、幕府(ばくふ)Shogunate・大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanから事情を聞きheard the situation了承し、以後、貿易tradeは大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanの独占monopolizedとなった。
Ming, who temporarily
suspended trade, heard the situation from the Ouchi clan of the shogunate and
agreed, and after that, trade was monopolized by the Ouchi clan.
策彦周良(さくげん・しゅうりょう)Sakugen
Shūryō(1501~1579)
臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school
その後の日明貿易(にちみん・ぼうえき)Japan-Ming tradeは大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanが独占monopolizedするようになったが、1547年(天文16年)、策彦周良(さくげん・しゅうりょう)Sakugen Shūryō(1501~1579)を正使the chief envoyとした遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship for the Ming dynastyの派遣dispatchingを最後に勘合貿易(かんごう・ぼうえき)rigging tradeは途絶えdiscontinued、1551年(天文20年)の大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clan滅亡died outとともに完全に断絶completely discontinuedした。
After that, trade between
Japan and the Ming Dynasty came to be monopolized by the Ouchi clan, but in
1547, with Sakugen Shuryo (1501-1579) dispatching a ship to the Ming Dynasty as
the chief envoy, the Kangou trade ceased, and in 1551, the Ouchi clan died out.
completely discontinued.
前期倭寇(ぜんき・わこう)Early wokou 後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokou
王直(おう・ちょく)Wang Zhi 徽王(き・おう)the King of Hui
貿易tradeが断絶cut
offすると、再び倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の活動the
activitiesが活発activeとなり、豊臣秀吉(とよとみ・ひでよし)Toyotomi Hideyoshiによる禁圧suppressedまで続いた。
When the trade was cut
off, the activities of Wako (Japanese pirates) became active again and
continued until Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI suppressed them.
この時期の倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)を後期倭寇(こうき・わこう)Later wokouと言うが、その実態the factは日本人Japaneseよりも中国人の密貿易者Chinese smugglersの参加participated in itが多く、なかでも明(みん)the Ming dynasty人王直(おう・ちょく)Wang Zhiは、徽王(き・おう)the King of Huiと号し五島列島(ごとう・れっとう)Gotō Islands(長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)・平戸(ひらど)Hirado(長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)を根拠に威勢を張った。
The Wako in this period
is called the Late Wako, but the fact is that more Chinese smugglers than
Japanese participated in it, and among them, the Ming Dynasty, who called
himself Kiou, took advantage of Goto and Hirado as a base.
また背後に密貿易の利益the benefits of smugglingに眼をつけた西日本(にしにほん)western Japanの大名(だいみょう)Daimyoがいることもあった。
There were also feudal
lords in western Japan who saw the benefits of smuggling behind the scenes.
倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)は日本Japanの銀silverと中国Chinaの生糸raw silkの交易tradedをするとともに、海賊piratesとして遠く南海(なんかい)South Sea(東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)までの広い地域in a wide areaで活動actedした。
Wako traded silver from
Japan and raw silk from China, and also acted as pirates in a wide area as far
as the Nankai Sea.
桂庵玄樹(けいあん・げんじゅ)Keian Genju(1427~1508)
臨済宗(りんざいしゅう)Rinzai school
朱子学(しゅしがく)Cheng–Zhu school(宋明理学(そうみんりがく)Neo-Confucianism)
雪舟(せっしゅう)Sesshū(1420~1506) 水墨画(すいぼくが)Ink wash painting
遣明船(けんみんせん)Dispatch ship
for the Ming dynastyの派遣dispatchに伴って入明(みん)entered the Ming Dynastyする僧monksも多く、なかでも、朱子学(しゅしがく)Cheng–Zhu school(宋明理学(そうみんりがく)Neo-Confucianism)を学んで帰朝returned to Japanした桂庵玄樹(けいあん・げんじゅ)Keian Genju(1427~1508)や、水墨画(すいぼくが)Ink wash paintingを学んだ雪舟(せっしゅう)Sesshū(1420~1506)などが有名である。
Many monks entered the
Ming Dynasty along with the dispatch of the Kenminsen, and among them, Keian
Genju (1427-1508), who studied Neo-Confucianism and returned to Japan, and
Sesshu (1420-1506), who studied ink painting, are famous.
日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea
trade
日朝貿易Japan-Korea
trade
李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaとわが国Japanとの貿易tradeは、足利義満(あしかが・よしみつ)Ashikaga Yoshimitsuが朝鮮の要求Korea's demandsを容れて倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の取り締まりcrack
downに努め、倭寇(わこう)Wokouに捕らえられていた捕虜朝鮮人the Korean prisonersを送還repatriatedしたことを契機に、14世紀末at the end of the 14th centuryから開始beganされた。
The trade between Yi
Dynasty Korea and Japan began at the end of the 14th century when Yoshimitsu
Ashikaga accepted Korea's demands and worked to crack down on the Japanese pirates
and repatriated the Korean prisoners of war who had been captured by the
Japanese pirates.
そして、対馬(つしま)Tsushima(長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)の守護(しゅご)Shugo宗氏(そうし)the So clanの統制controlのもとで、一時中断temporarily interruptedしたものの、16世紀 the
16th centuryまで島津氏(しまづし)the Shimazu clan・大内氏(おおうちし)the Ouchi clanら西国(さいごく)Western Provinces大名(だいみょう)Daimyoや中小領主small and medium lords・豪商wealthy merchantsが参加participationして行われた。
Under the control of the
Shugo Soshi clan, the governor of Tsushima, the event was temporarily
interrupted until the 16th century with the participation of the Shimazu clan,
the Ouchi clan, and other feudal lords of the West, as well as small and medium
lords and wealthy merchants.
宗貞茂(そう・さだしげ)So Sadashige(?~1418)
宗貞盛(そう・さだもり)Sō Sadamori
応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion
応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion
しかし倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)禁圧suppressingに力を入れた宗貞茂(そう・さだしげ)So Sadashige(?~1418)が死ぬdeathと、倭寇(わこう)Wokouの活動the activitiesが再び活発化revivedした。
However, after the death
of So Sadashige (?-1418), who put a great deal of effort into suppressing the
Japanese pirates, the activities of the Japanese pirates revived.
李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaは対馬(つしま)Tsushima(長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)を倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)の根拠地the
baseと考えて、1419年(応永26年)、兵船227隻、兵員1万7000余人の大軍で来襲attackedしてきたが、宗貞盛(そう・さだもり)Sō Sadamoriはこれを迎撃interceptedした。
The Yi Dynasty Korea
considered Tsushima to be the base of the Japanese pirates, and in 1419 (Ouei
26), attacked with 227 warships and a large army of over 17,000 soldiers, but
So Sadamori intercepted it.
これを応永の外寇(おうえい・の・がいこう)Ōei Invasion(朝鮮Koreaでは己亥東征(きがい・とうせい)Gihae Expedition、対馬(つしま)Tsushimaでは糠獄戦争(ぬかだけ・せんそう)Nukadake War)と言う。
This was called the Oei
no Gaikou (In Korea, it was called the Kigaitosei, and in Tsushima, it was
called the Nukadake War).
しかし貿易tradeは再び続けられた。
But trade continued again.
通信符(つうしんふ)communication
note
三浦(さんぽ)sampo(Three Ports)
日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea
tradeには、私貿易private tradeや倭寇(わこう)Wokou(Japanese pirates)と区別distinguishするため李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaの発給issuedした「通信符(つうしんふ)communication note」と、対馬(つしま)Tsushima(長崎県Nagasaki Prefecture)の宗氏(そうし)the So clanの許可書a permitを必要requiredとした。
Japan-Korea trade
required a ``communication note'' issued by the Joseon Dynasty and a permit
from the Soshi clan of Tsushima in order to distinguish it from private trade
and Japanese pirates.
日本Japanの無制限・無秩序渡航uncontrolled and disorderly travelを統制controlするため開港場the
portsを、富山浦(ふざんぽ)Busan-po(釜山(ふさん)Busan)・乃而浦(ないじほ)Naei-po(萕浦(せいほ)Changwon)・塩浦(えんぽ)Yeom-po(蔚山(うるさん)Ulsan)の三港Three Ports(三浦(さんぽ)sampo)に限定limitedし、漢城(かんじょう)Hanseongと三浦(さんぽ)sampo(Three Ports)には倭館(わかん)Waegwan(Japanese pavilions)が置かれて、日本の使節Japanese
envoysと接待entertainedと交易tradedが行われた。
In order to control
Japan's uncontrolled and disorderly travel, the ports were limited to the three
ports (Sanpo) of Fusanpo (Busan), Nojiho (Seho), and Enpo (Ulsan).
Wakan (Japanese
pavilions) were established in Hanseong and Sanpo, where Japanese envoys were
entertained and traded.
倭館(わかん)Waegwan(Japanese pavilions)
日本Japanからの輸出品Exportsは、銅copper・硫黄(いおう)sulfurなどの鉱産物mineral productsや工芸品handicrafts、それに琉球貿易(りゅうきゅう・ぼうえき)Ryukyu tradeで入手した南海southern sea(東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)産productsの蘇木(そぼく)sappanwood(染料dye)や胡椒(こしょう)pepperなどであった。
Exports from Japan
included mineral products such as copper and sulfur, handicrafts, and soboku
(dye) and pepper from the Nankai region obtained through the Ryukyu trade.
輸入品Imported
goodsは、木綿(もめん)cottonや大蔵経(だいぞうきょう)Daizōkyōなどであったが、特に木綿(もめん)cottonは、当時まだ日本Japanで生産producedされておらず、国内需要domestic demandが多く大量に輸入imported in large quantitiesされた。
Imported goods included
cotton and the Daizokyo, but cotton in particular was not yet being produced in
Japan at the time, so there was a lot of domestic demand and it was imported in
large quantities.
三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance
of the Three Ports
三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance
of the Three Ports
交易tradeの行われた三浦(さんぽ)sampo(三港Three Ports)には多くの日本人Japanese peopleも居留residedしていたが、また密貿易smugglingの温床hotbedにもなっていた。
Many Japanese people also
resided in Miura, where trade took place, and it was also a hotbed for
smuggling.
そのため、李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaが取り締まりを強化strengthened the crackdownしたので居留民residentsの不満dissatisfactionが高まり、1510年(永正7年)、三浦(さんぽ)sampo(三港Three Ports)の居留民residentsが宗氏(そうし)the So clanらの応援supportを得て乃而浦(ないじほ)Naei-po(萕浦(せいほ)Changwon)・富山浦(ふざんぽ)Busan-po(釜山(ふさん)Busan)を襲いattacked、いわゆる三浦の乱(さんぽ・の・らん)Disturbance of the Three Portsが起こった。
As a result, the
dissatisfaction of the residents increased as Korea strengthened the crackdown,
In 1510, with the support
of the Soshi clan, the residents of Sanpo attacked Nojiho (Seho) and Fusanpo
(Busan), leading to the so-called Sampo Rebellion.
その後、李氏朝鮮(りし・ちょうせん)Ye Dynasty Koreaと宗氏(そうし)the So clanの間に和議a peace treatyが結ばれたが、この乱rebellionを契機に日朝貿易(にっちょう・ぼうえき)Japan-Korea tradeは衰えたdeclined。
After that, a peace
treaty was concluded between Korea and the Soshi clan, but trade between Japan
and North Korea declined as a result of this rebellion.
沖縄本島(おきなわ・ほんとう)Okinawa Main
Island
琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu
Kingdom
琉球王国Ryukyu
Kingdom
沖縄本島(おきなわ・ほんとう)Okinawa Main
Islandでは、14世紀中頃the middle of the 14th centuryから有力な按司(あじ)Aji(領主lords)が島内に北山(ほくざん)Hokuzan・中山(ちゅうざん)Chūzan・南山(なんざん)Nanzanと呼ばれた三つの勢力圏three spheres of influenceを形成formedし、互いに争っていた。
From the middle of the 14th
century on the main island of Okinawa, influential aji (lords) formed three
spheres of influence on the island called Hokuzan, Chuzan, and Nanzan, and
fought with each other.
1429年(永享1年)、中山王(ちゅうざん・おう)the King of Chūzanの尚巴志(しょう・はし)Shō Hashiは島内を統一unified the islandsし、周辺諸島the surrounding islandsを支配下におさめて琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu Kingdomを作り上げたcreate。
In 1429 (Eikyo 1),
Shohashi, the king of Chuzan, unified the islands and put the surrounding
islands under his control to create the Ryukyu Kingdom.
琉球貿易(りゅうきゅう・ぼうえき)Ryukyu trade
琉球(りゅうきゅう)Ryukyuは海外貿易overseas
tradeを盛んに行い、日本Japan・明(みん)the Ming dynasty・朝鮮KoreaのほかジャワJava・フィリピンthe Philippinesなど遠く南海(なんかい)the South Sea(東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)まで進出し、これらの諸地域間の中継貿易transit tradeを行った。
The Ryukyus actively
engaged in overseas trade, expanding to Japan, Ming, Korea, Java, the
Philippines, and other countries as far away as the South Sea, and carried out
transit trade between these regions.
その結果、那覇(なは)Nahaが東アジアEast Asiaの重要な交易市場an important trading marketとなった。
As a result, Naha became
an important trading market in East Asia.
日本Japanへは1414年(応永21年)頃から使船Envoy
shipsが来航arrivedし、それ以後、博多港Hakata Portには明(みん)the Ming dynastyや朝鮮の商船Korean merchant shipsとともに琉球船Ryukyu shipsの来航が著しかった。
Envoy ships arrived in
Japan around 1414 (Oei 21), and after that, Ryukyu ships, along with Ming and
Korean merchant ships, came to Hakata Port.
しかし、16世紀 the 16th
centuryになると中国や日本の商船Chinese and Japanese merchant shipsが直接南海(なんかい)the South Seas(東南アジア諸国Southeast Asian countries)に進出するようになり、またポルトガル船Portuguese shipsの東アジア進出advanced into East Asiaもあって、中継貿易transit tradeは衰えた。
However, in the 16th
century, Chinese and Japanese merchant ships began to advance directly into the
South Seas, and Portuguese ships also advanced into East Asia, causing transit
trade to decline.
『おもろそうしOmoro Sōshi』
琉球王国(りゅうきゅう・おうこく)Ryukyu
Kingdomに属した南西諸島(なんせいしょとう)the Nansei Islandsの島々では、日本語の地域語the regional languages of Japaneseの一つと言われる琉球語(りゅうきゅうご)the Ryukyuan languageが話され、独自の文学unique literatureもおこった。
On the islands of the
Nansei Islands, which belonged to the Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ryukyuan language, which
is said to be one of the regional languages of Japanese, was spoken, and a
unique literature arose.
琉球(りゅうきゅう)Ryukyuの伝説legends、自然nature・英雄heroes・戦争war・航海voyagesなどをうたった神歌(かみうた)divine songsを集めた『おもろそうしOmoro Sōshi』は、その代表作品representative workと言われる。
"Omorososhi", a
collection of divine songs sung about Ryukyu legends, nature, heroes, war, and
voyages, is said to be his representative work.